Table 4 Patient safety culture among the participants throughout the different phases of the training program

1. Teamwork within unit

T0

10.04 ± 4.44

242.89

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.65

0.90

T1

16.52 ± 1.21

 < 0.001

T2

16.55 ± 1.68

2. Supervisor/Manager expectations & actions promoting patient safety

T0

9.30 ± 4.14

264.13/

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.67

0.84

T1

16.46 ± 1.86

 < 0.001

T2

15.78 ± 2.12

3. Organizational learning

T0

7.55 ± 3.02

230.46

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.64

0.78

T1

12.32 ± 1.17

 < 0.001

T2

12.23 ± 1.52

4. Management support for patient safety

T0

8.44 ± 1.25

18.19

 < 0.01

 < 0.01

0.04

0.81

T1

9.18 ± 2.06

 < 0.01

T2

8.80 ± 1.66

5. Overall perceptions of patient safety

T0

9.75 ± 3.69

90.59

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.41

0.79

T1

13.80 ± 2.23

 < 0.001

T2

14.36 ± 2.82

6. Communication and feedback about error

T0

6.62 ± 3.73

115.00

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.47

0.81

T1

10.98 ± 1.83

 < 0.001

T2

11.17 ± 2.15

7. Communication openness

T0

5.97 ± 2.94

96.40

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.42

0.92

T1

9.54 ± 1.85

 < 0.001

T2

9.44 ± 2.51

8. Frequency of events reported

T0

7.00 ± 2.85

166.25

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.56

0.74

T1

11.95 ± 2.09

 < 0.001

T2

11.6 ± 2.46

9. Teamwork across units

T0

9.48 ± 3.95

267.79

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.67

0.78

T1

16.68 ± 2.17

 < 0.001

T2

16.20 ± 2.62

10. Staffing

T0

8.61 ± 4.19

44.17

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.25

0.75

T1

11.13 ± 2.00

 < 0.001

T2

12.39 ± 2.56

11. Handoffs & transitions

T0

9.52 ± 4.04

241.84

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.65

0.89

T1

16.01 ± 1.69

 < 0.001

T2

15.90 ± 2.15

12. Non-punitive response to errors

T0

5.93 ± 1.80

3.97

 < 0.01

0.08

0.03

0.81

T1

6.70 ± 2.40

 < 0.05

T2

6.14 ± 2.14

Total patient safety culture

T0

98.42 ± 38.00

226.28

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.61

0.93

T1

150.50 ± 10.68

 < 0.001

T2

151.11 ± 14.49