Table 3 Characteristics of the included studies (2)
From: Evidence of nonverbal communication between nurses and older adults: a scoping review
| Â | Author(s) and year | Objective | Outcomes reported | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | Johnsson et al. 2018 [47] | To describe how nurses communicate with older patients and their relatives in a department of medicine for older people in western Sweden | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: standing position, eye gaze, speaking faster, speaking louder, speaking with a friendly tone, kneeling down, closing the door, smiling, facial expressions, smiling | Proxemics, kinesics, vocalics |
2017 | Daly 2017 [4] | To explore communication between nurses and older adults, with an emphasis on promoting effective communication in practice | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: considering the environment, using touch appropriately, positioning oneself at the same level, active and compassionate listening | Artefacts, haptics, proxemics, active listening |
2016 | Freitas 2016 [30] | To assess proxemics communication between nurse and elderly in nursing consultation | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: posture-Sex, sociofugo-sociopeto axis, distance evaluation, kinaesthetic, contact behaviour, visual code, thermal code, olfactory code, voice Volume | kinesics, vocalics, haptics, proxemics, artefacts |
2015 | Small et al. 2015 [48] | To explore the nature of communication between care staff and residents when they do not share the same language and ethno cultural backgrounds | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: pointing, touching, eye gazing, smiling, sitting next, head nodding, playful gestures | kinesics, proxemics, haptics |
2014 | Freitas 2014 [49] | To analyse the performance of nurses in nursing consultation for the elderly based on the theoretical framework of Hall | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: posture-sex, sociofugo-Sociopeto axis, distance evaluation, kinaesthetic, contact behaviour, visual code, thermal code, olfactory code, voice Volume | kinesics, vocalics, haptics, proxemics |
2013 | Williams 2013 [50] | To review evidence-based strategies for effective communication with older adults across long-term care settings | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: eye contact, facial expressions, singing, humming, touching. Patients’ responses of nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: dominance, disinterest | kinesics, haptics negative responses |
2011 | Levy-Storms et al. 2011 [51] | To characterise the meaning of and experiences with individualized care from the perspectives of both nursing aides and nursing-home residents | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: listening, touching the shoulder Patients’ responses of nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: respect, favouritism | haptics, active listening Mixed responses |
2010 | Medvene and Lann-Wolcott 2010 [19] | To identify the communication behaviours and strategies used by socially skilled geriatric nurse aides working with residents in long term care facilities | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: touching, smiling, spending time with, observing body posture; | haptics, kinesics, chronemics |
2009 | Backhaus 2009 [52] | To examine the special nature of communication between residents and staff in a Japanese elderly care institution by taking a cross-cultural perspective | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: kiss, hand shake, military tone | haptics, vocalics |
2009 | Gilbert and Hayes 2009 [53] | To examine contributions of older patients’ and nurse practioners’ characteristics and the content and relationship components of their communication to patients’ proximal outcomes and longer-term outcomes, and contributions of proximal outcomes to longer-term outcomes | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: gaze, nod or shake of the head, eyebrow movement, smile, touch | kinesics, haptics |
2009 | Sorensen 2009 [54] | To demonstrate and discuss how personal competence, with emphasis on communication and empathy, can be developed by nursing students through international clinical practice | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: body contact, pointing, nodding, smiling, laughing, active listening, voice pitch, thumbs up, | kinesics, vocalics, active listening, haptics |
2009 | Williams and Warren 2009 [55] | To explore how communication affects issues relating to residents maintaining cognitive and physical functioning so that they are able to remain in residence | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: talk louder. Patients’ responses of nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: rudeness; disinterest in; disdain for; perceived hypocrisy; threats to noncompliance; infantilization of residents; adultification of residents; | Vocalics Negative responses |
2008 | Calcagno 2008 [56] | To provide pointers to help clinicians listen to the needs and concerns of their clients | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: greeting with a smile and handshake, sitting face-to-face, leaning forward, sitting close enough, listening, having an open posture | active listening, kinesics, proxemics |
2007 | Carpiac-Claver and Levy-Storms 2007 [57] | To identify types and examples of nurse aide-initiated communication with long-term care residents during mealtime assistance in the context of residents’ responses | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: smiling, touching, laughing, singing, eye gazing, leaning forward, nodding, shaking hands, high pitch, soft tone | kinesics, haptics, vocalics |
2001 | Kaakinen et al. 2001 [65] | To describe communication between nurse practitioners and elderly clients | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: touch, time, flyers, listening, drawings, pamphlets, written instructions; books; education files | artefacts, chronemics, haptics, active listening |
2006 | Jonas 2006 [58] | To explore the experience of being listened to for older adults living in long-term care facilities | Patients’ responses of nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: nurturing contentment, vital genuine connections, respect and benefit | Active listening Positive responses |
2005 | Park and Song 2005 [59] | To determine and compare the communication barriers perceived by older inpatients and nurses caring for them, with the aim of identifying the disparities between the perceptions of the two parties | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: speaking far away, without eye contact, with mask on, too loudly, too fast. Patients’ responses of nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: working without a sincere attitude, being unfriendly, showing no respect | proxemics, kinesics, artefacts, vocalics negative responses |
2003 | Tuohy 2003 [60] | To ascertain how student nurses communicate with older people | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: talking louder and slower, eye contact, facial expressions, appropriate touch | vocalics, kinesics, haptics |
2002 | Linda 2002 [3] | To explore the skills that are required for effective communication with older people | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: body movements, postures, gestures, touch, proximity, pace of approach, eye contact, demeaning tone, speaking too quickly | kinesics, vocalics, haptics, proxemics |
2001 | Bush 2001 [61] | Author’s reflection on active listening | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: leaning over, holding hand, active listening, eye contact, spending more time, notes, learning tools, posture, physical proximity | haptics, kinesics, active listening, chronemic, artefacts, proxemics |
2001 | Butts 2001 [62] | To examine whether comfort touch improved the perceptions of self-esteem, well-being and social processes, health status, life satisfaction and self-actualization, and faith or belief and self-responsibility | Patients’ responses to nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: improved perception of self-esteem, well-being, social processes, health status, life satisfaction, self-actualisation, and faith or belief | Haptics Positive responses |
2000 | Babikian 2000 [63] | Author’s reflection on her encounter with an old person | Nurses’ nonverbal communication strategies: holding of hand, sitting next to | proxemics, haptics |