Table 2 Item pool for draft questionnaires

Foot care guidelines by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare

Checking physical conditions (e.g., blood pressure, pulse) before starting foot measurements and exercises

Morphological, functional, and physiological structures and roles of the toe, foot, and leg; demographic and social changes in Japan

Fall risks at home

Type of foot problem

Toenail problems

Foot skin problems

Foot vascular problems and assessment

Foot neurologic problems and assessment

Diseases causing foot problems

Difference and finding Differentiating between corns and calluses

Foot skin and toenail fungus

Characteristics of body change and anatomical changes among elderly individuals

Foot skin conditions among elderly individuals

Influence of sedentary behavior on the body

Foot muscles and capillaries

Influence of shoes and socks on toe and foot problems

Selection of shoes and socks

Types of foot massage

Sitting and standing posture

Foot hygiene

Procedures for nail cutting with nail filing

Reducing corns and calluses through foot filing

Appropriate procedure for nail cutting

Cotton packing to reduce ingrown nail pain

Taping to reduce ingrown nail pain

Locating the posterior tibial artery of the foot

Identifying neurologic impediments

Infection control

Toe and foot exercises

Ointment application

Consultation and referral to doctors or other health professionals