Table 2 Criteria used to assign ratings to constructs [16]. Authorized by Damschroder

−2

The construct is a negative influence in the organization, an impeding influence in work processes, and/or an impeding influence in implementation efforts. The majority of interviewees (at least two) describe explicit examples of how the key or all aspects (or the absence) of a construct manifests itself in a negative way.

−1

The construct is a negative influence in the organization, an impeding influence in work processes, and/or an impeding influence in implementation efforts. Interviewees make general statements about the construct manifesting in a negative way but without concrete examples: (1) the construct is mentioned only in passing or at a high level without examples or evidence of actual, concrete descriptions of how that construct manifests; (2) there is a mixed effect of different aspects of the construct but with a general overall negative effect; (3) there is sufficient information to make an indirect inference about the generally negative influence and/or (4) judged as weakly negative by the absence of the construct.

0

A construct has neutral influence if: (1) it appears to have neutral effect (purely descriptive) or is only mentioned generically without valence; (2) there is no evidence of positive or negative influence; (3) credible or reliable interviewees contradict each other; (4) there are positive and negative influences at different levels in the organization that balance each other out; and/or different aspects of the construct have positive influence while others have negative influence and overall, the effect is neutral.

+ 1

The construct is a positive influence in the organization, a facilitating influence in work processes, and/or a facilitating influence in implementation efforts. Interviewees make general statements about the construct manifesting in a positive way but without concrete examples: (1) the construct is mentioned only in passing or at a high level without examples or evidence of actual, concrete descriptions of how that construct manifests; (2) there is a mixed effect of different aspects of the construct but with a general overall positive effect and/or (3) there is sufficient information to make an indirect inference about the generally positive influence.

+ 2

The construct is a positive influence in the organization, a facilitating influence in work processes, and/or a facilitating influence in implementation efforts. The majority of interviewees (at least two) describe explicit examples of how the key or all aspects of a construct manifests itself in a positive way.

_

Missing Interviewee(s) were not asked about the presence or influence of the construct; or if asked about a construct, their responses did not correspond to the intended construct and were instead coded to another construct. Interviewee(s) lack of knowledge about a construct does not necessarily indicate missing data and may instead indicate the absence of the construct.