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Table 1 Studies included in the review (n = 27)

From: Continuing education interventions about person-centered care targeted for nurses in older people long-term care: a systematic review

Authors, year, country

Design and JBI

Aim

Number of participants in last measurement point

Instrument(s)

Azermai et al. [36], 2017, Belgium

Pre-post and follow-up intervention with control group

JBI = 7

To evaluate the reduce the psychotropic drug use and to improve prescribing practice via intervention

Residents in nursing homes.

E: n = 118

C: n = 275

A: n = 393

* Psychotropic Education and Knowledge test [37]

* Medication charts

Ballard et al. [38], 2018, United Kingdom

Randomised controlled cluster trial

JBI = 9

To evaluate the efficacy of a person-centered care and antipsychotic review on Quality of Life, agitation and antipychotic use in people with dementia living in nursing homes, and to determine its cost.

Older people with dementia in nursing homes.

E: n = 257

C: n = 296

A: n = 553

* Health-related quality of life of people with dementia 31 items [39]

* Medication charts

* Agitation Inventory 29 items [40]

* The Neuropsychiatric Inventory 12 domains [41]

Barbosa et al. [42], 2017, Portugal

Experimental, pre-post-test control group design

JBI = 9

To assess the effects of a Psycho-educational programme on the quality of direct care workers interactions with residents with dementia.

Direct care workers in aged-care facilities.

E: n = 27 C: n = 29 A: n = 56

* Video-recorded sessions coded by Global Behavioral Scale [43]

Barbosa et al. [44], 2016a, Portugal

Experimental, pre-post-test control group design

JBI = 9

To assess the effects of a person-centered care based psychoeducational intervention on direct care workers verbal and nonverbal communicative behaviors with residents with dementia during morning care.

Direct care workers in aged-care facilities.

E: n = 27 C: n = 29 A: n = 56

* Ethogram for verbal communicative behaviors by framework of Kitwood [45]

Barbosa et al. [46], 2016b, Portugal

Experimental, pre-post-test control group design

JBI = 9

To assess the 6-month effects of a person-centered care-based Psychoeducational intervention targeted at direct care workers caring for people with dementia in aged-care facilities.

Direct care workers in aged-care facilities.

E: n = 24 C: n = 29 A: n = 53

* Perceived Stress Scale 13 items

* Maslach Burnout Inventory 22 items in 3 subscales

* Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire 20 items in 2 subscales

* Ethogram for verbal communicative behaviors by framework of Kitwood [45]

Barbosa et al. [47], 2015, Portugal

Experimental, pre-post-test control group design

JBI = 9

To assess the effects of a person-centered care-based psychoeducational intervention to direct care workers stress, burnout, and job satisfaction.

Direct care workers in aged-care facilities.

E: n = 27

C: n = 29

A: n = 56

* Perceived Stress Scale 13 items

* Maslach Burnout Inventory 22 items in 3 subscales

* Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire 20 items in 2 subscales

* 8 focus group interviews

Boersma et al. [48],2019, Netherlands

Quasi-experimental, pre-post-test control group design

JBI = 9

To assess the implementation of the Veder contact method (VCM) in 24-h care.

Professional Caregivers

E: n = 79

C: n = 57

A: n = 136

Residents

E: n = 78

C: n = 61

A: n = 139

* Quality of Caregivers’ Behavior in dementia care (QCB) 25 items

* Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire (ADQ) 19 statements

* Quality of implementation of VCM score

* QUALIDEM observation tool

* INTERACT observation tool

* Observation 3 h + 3 h

Boersma et al. [49], 2017, Netherlands

Non-randomized controlled trial

JBI = 8

to assess how working with the Veder Contact Method influences the job satisfaction of caregivers’

Caregivers from nursing homes. E: n = 75

C: n = 36

A: n = 111

* Job satisfaction (Leiden Quality of Work Questionnaire) 23 items * Focus group interviews

* Interviews of managers

Bökberg et al .[50], 2019, Sweden

Experimental, pre-post-test control group design

JBI = 9

To evaluate whether an educational intervention had any effect on staff’s perception of providing person-centered palliative care for older persons in nursing homes.

Staff members in nursing homes.

E: n = 167

C: n = 198

A: n = 365

* Person-centered Care Assessment Tool 13 items in 2 subscales [51]

* Person-Centered Climate Questionnaire 14 items in 3 subscales [52]

(Continued)

Chenoweth et al. [53], 2014, Australia

Cluster-randomized trial

JBI = 9

To evaluate differents of effectiveness of Person-centered care (PCC), person-centered environment (PCE) and PCC + PCE interventions to quality of life and agitation for people with dementia in nursing houses.

Residents in nursing homes

PCC n = 64

PCE n = 79

PCC + PCE n = 89

C: n = 64

A: n = 296

* Person-Centered Environment and Care Assessment Tool [54]

* Cohen-mansfield Agitation Inventory [40]

* Person with Dementia and Quality of life measurement [55]

* Emotional Responses in Care

* Global Deterioration Scale of Primary Degenarative Dementia

* Residents activities of daily living

* Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia

* Quality of Interactions Schedule

Chenoweth et al. [56], 2009, Australia

Cluster-randomized trial

JBI = 9

To compare effectiveness of Person-centered care (PCC), Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) and usual care and these methods decreases to dementia-compromised behaviors, quality of life, use of psychotropic drugs and injuries. The estimated cost differences between the treatments were also of interest

Residents in nursing homes:

PCC n = 77

DCM n = 95

C: n = 64

A: n = 236

* Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory [40]

* Neuropsychiatric Inventory for the nursing home

* Quality of Life measurement

* Observation

* Recorded information about the drugs

* The Therepeutic Environment Screening Survey for Nursing Homes

* Interviews

* Report of economic analysis

Coleman & Medvene [57], 2013, USA

Quasi-experimental, wait-list control design

JBI = 9

To pilot test a multicomponent intervention to increase certified nursin assistans’ awareness of Person-centered care and to establish the feasibility of implementing an intervention involving videotaped biographies of residents and videotapes of resident/ nursin assistans’ caregiving interactions.

Residents / CNAs dyads.

E: n = 11 dyads

C: n = 8 dyads

A: n = 19 dyads

* Video recorded material code by Person-Centered Behavior Inventory and Global Behavior Scale [58]

* Relationship between residents and CNAs measured by Resident Satisfaction Index 27- items and Subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory “Personal Accomplishment” 8-items [59] and Mutuality Scale 15-items [60]

Cornelison et al. [61], 2019, USA

A multi-arm, pre-post intervention study

JBI = 6

To evaluate how nursing homes, perceive their adoption of person-centered care practices across seven domains and how these perceptions change in response to an eductional intervention embedded in a statewide program, Promoting Excellent Alternatives in Kansas nursing homes

Staff teams from nursing homes:

E: n = (Pre-adopters) 82

C: n = (Adopters) 86

A: n = 168

* Kansas Culture Change Instrument 68 -items in 7 dimensions

Fossey et al. [62], 2006, United Kingdom

Cluster randomised controlled tria

JBI = 8

To assess effectiveness of a training and support intervention for nursing home staff in reducing the proportion of residents with dementia who are prescribed neuroleptics.

Residents in nursing homes

E: n = 176

C: n = 170

* Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory [40]

* Dementia Care Mapping (DCM)

* Medication charts

Gillis et al. [63], 2019, Belgium

Pre-posttest design, without control group

JBI = 6

To test a person-centred team approach for addressing agitated or aggressive behaviour amongst nursing home residents with dementia.

Residents in nursing home

n = 65

* Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) 12 symptoms

* Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) 29 items

Hoeffer et al. [64], 2006, USA

Randomized controlled trial with crossover design

JBI = 9

To test the efficacy of two person-centered care-based bathing interventions to improve caregiving behavior during bathing.

Residents

E1: n = 24; E2: n = 22

C: n = 23

A: n = 69

Nursing assistants

E: n = 24

C: n = 13

A: n = 37

* Video-recoded sessions coded by The Caregiver Bathing Behavior Rating Scale

* Care Effectiveness Scale two scales; The Confidence Scale 6 items, The Easy Scale 3 items

* The Hassless During Bathing Scale eight items

Jeon et al. [65],

2012, Australia

Cluster-randomized trial

JBI = 9

To compare effectiveness of person-centered care (PCC), Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) and usual care on staff burnout, well-being, attitudes and reactions toward behavioral disturbances of residents with dementia.

Staff members in nursing homes:

E:

PCC n = 56

DCM n = 45

C: n = 23

A: n = 123

* Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey [59]

* General Health Questionnaire

Li et al. [66],

2017, USA

Pre-post controlled trial

JBI = 7

To test the effects of a Person-Centered Dementia Care intervention on sleep in residents.

Residents in dementia care units. E: n = 16

C: n = 6

A: n = 22

* Actiwatch Spectrum (small device)

* Dementia Care Mapping (DCM)

* Brief Interview for mental Status

* Cumulative Illness Rating Score for Geriatrics

McGilton et al. [67], 2017, Canada

Pre-posttest design, without control group

JBI = 7

to examine the effectiveness of individualized communication plans tailored to the needs of residents with dementia.

Residents in nursing home n = 12

and nurses n = 20

A: n = 32

* Mini-Mental State Examination / Color Vision test / Audiometer Test / acuity test

* Functional Linguistic Communication Inventory

*Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia 19 items

* The Alzheimer Disease-related Quality of Life 40 items

* Katz index of ADL 6 items

* Communication-Imparment Questionnaire 8 items

* Interactional Comfort Survey 5 domains

* The Satisfaction Working with Residents with Dementia 21 items

* Nursing Care Assessment Scale 28 items

* Interviews (focus group and individual)

* Observation

Richter et al. [68], 2019, Germany

Cluster-randomised controlled trial

JBI = 9

to adopt the person-centred care intervention from UK to German conditions and test its effectiveness

Residents in nursing homes.

E: n = 493

C: n = 660

A: n = 1153

* Documents of residents

* Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease Scale

* Dementia Screening Scale

* Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory [40]

* Prescriptions of antipsychotics

* Safety parameters

Roberts et al. [69], 2015, Australia

Pre-posttest mixed method design, without control group

JBI = 6

to describe the development of a composite model of care based person-centered care and report evaluation and results of a pilot project exploring the new model’s feasibility

Staff members n = 15

Residents n = 16

Next of kin n = 15

A: n = 46

* Medication charts

* Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory [40]

* Dementia Care Mapping (DCM)

* Interviews by using (Resident/Relative Audit Tools and Tool for Understanding Residents Needs as Individual Persons’)

Sloane et al. [70], 2013, USA

Pre-posttest design, without control group

JBI = 5

to develop and test a person-centered evidence-based mouth care program in nursing homes

Residents in nursing homes n = 88

Nursing assistants n = 6

A: n = 94

* Plaque Index for Long-Term Care

* Gingival Index for Long-Term Care

* Denture Plaque Index

* Minimum Data Set

* Videotaping; Noldus Information Technology Wageningen / Mouth Care Task Completion Form

* Nursing home records about resident’s individual health situations

Sloane et al. [71], 2004, USA

Randomized Controlled trial, with two experimental groups and crossover

JBI = 9

to evaluate the efficacy two nonpharmacological based person-centered care techniques in reducing agtation, aggression and discomfort in shower and towel bath situations in nursing home residents with dementia

Residents in nursing homes

E:

n = 24/ group A

n = 25/group B

C: n = 24

Nursing assistants

E: n = 24 in groups together

C: n = 13

A: n = 110

* Videotaping

* Care Recipient Behavior Assessment

* Discomfort Scale for Dementia of an Alzheimer Type 6 items

* Hardy Skin Condition Data Form

* Skin cultures

* Activities of Daily Living

* Cumulative Index Rating Scale for Geriatrics

* Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory [40])

* Mini-Mental State Examination

* Cognition Scale

* Recorded Medication data

Sposito et al. [72], 2017, Portugal

Quasi-experimental study, with pre-posttest, without control group

JBI = 6

To assess effectiveness of person-centered care, Multisensory Simulation and Motor Simulation intervention in residents’ behavior during the morning care.

Residents in nursing homes: n = 45

Direct care Workers in Nursing Homes: n = 56

A: n = 101

* Mini-Mental State Examination

* The Global Deterioration Scale

* Video recordings

Wauters et al. [73] 2019, Belgium

Cohort study with cross-sectional observations, with pre-posttest, without control group

JBI = 5

To investigate whether the intervention, starting from general intervention template, could be successfully implemented in separate nursing homes, resulting in a decreased prevalence of psychotropic drug users.

Residents in five different nursing homes: n = 677

* Medical records and electronic medication charts

* Mini-Mental State Examination

* Katz Activities of Daily Living (mandatory in Belgium)

Williams et al. [74], 2018, USA

Pre-posttest design without control group

JBI = 6

to test four interdisciplinary strategies to measure changes in person-centered communication used by nursing home staff following intervention

Nursing staff n = 32

Residents n = 49

A: n = 81

* Behavioral, psycholonguistic, emotional tone coding of elderspeak communication and content analysis of communication topics

Yasuda & Sakakibara [75],

2017, Japan

Pre-posttest design without control group

JBI = 5

To assess the effects of care staff training based on person-centered care and dementia care mapping on the quality of life) of residents with dementia in a nursing home

Residents n = 40

* Mini-Mental State Examination

* DCM (Dementia Care Mapping)

* Barthel Index

  1. JBI The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies, E Experimental group, C Control groups, A All Participants, PCC Person-Centered Care, PCE Person-Centered Environment, DCM Dementia Care Mapping