Table 2 Formative evaluation: Checklist of the most important NIC interventions and its related nursing activities [28] selected by nursing students in Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) simulated scenario

[3350] Respiratory Monitoring

YES

NO

Monitor rate, rhythm, depth, and effort of respirations

Auscultate lung sounds after treatments to note results

Note changes in SaO₂, SvO₂, end tidal CO₂, and ABG values, as appropriate

Monitor for increased restlessness, anxiety, and air hunger

Institute respiratory therapy treatments (e.g., nebuliser), as needed

[3302] Mechanical Ventilation Management: Noninvasive

YES

NO

Monitor for conditions indicating the appropriateness of noninvasive ventilation support (e.g., acute exacerbations of COPD)

Consult with other health care personnel in selection of a noninvasive ventilator type (e.g., pressure limited [bilevel positive airway pressure], volume-cycled flow-limited, or CPAP)

Instruct the patient and family about the rationale and expected sensations associated with the use of noninvasive mechanical ventilators and devices

Place the patient in semi-Fowler position

Apply noninvasive device, assuring adequate fit and avoidance of large air leaks (take particular care with edentulous or bearded patients)

[5820] Anxiety Reduction

YES

NO

Use a calm, reassuring approach

Clearly state expectations for patient’s behaviour

Explain all procedures, including sensations likely to be experienced during the procedure

Provide factual information concerning diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis

Stay with the patient to promote safety and reduce fear