Mealtime caregiving approaches and behavioral symptoms in persons living with dementia: a longitudinal, observational study

Table 3 Specific caregiver behavior associated with behavioral symptoms of persons living with dementia during mealtime

Variables	CMAI total duration^a			Verbally agitated behavior^a
Variables	Coeff	SE	P-Value	Coeff	SE	P-Value
ADL	0.66	1.31	.618	−0.07	0.34	.843
MMSE	−0.53	0.46	.253	−0.19	.012	.098
Taking dementia medication	−32.21	15.74	.041	−1.09	3.70	.769
Specific caregivers’ approaches
Task-centered verbal behavior
Verbal controlling	7.87	2.23	<.001	–
Changing topic	39.17	30.52	.199	–
Controlling voice quality	68.35	211.15	.746	–
No interaction
No verbal response	8.89	0.47	<.001	–
Task-centered nonverbal behavior
Ignoring	–			292.89	157.11	.062
Physically Controlling	–			23.51	12.98	.070
Inappropriate touch	–			59.05	8.11	<.001
Outpacing	–			11.24	39.24	.775
Time
Baseline	Reference
3 month	2.51	2.51	.318	−0.22	0.90	.807
6 month	−1.09	2.81	.698	−1.10	1.01	.274

Note. ADL Activities of Daily Living, CMAI Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, Coeff Coefficient, MMSE Mini Mental Status Exam
^aAnalysis included dummy variables for study facilities to control for their effects, but output was suppressed to protect confidentiality.

ISSN: 1472-6955