From: Factors influencing nurses participation in the health policy-making process: a systematic review
Main themes | Sub-themes | Factors |
---|---|---|
Nursing related factors | Nurses’ viewpoints on policy making | • Lack of priority of health policy for nurses (1) • Not knowing the process of health policy as part of the tasks (1) • The existence of psychological issues in active participation (2) • Disapproval of nurses’ involvement in policymaking by others (2) |
Lack of proper reaction by nurses | • Fear of facing different perspectives (1) • Fear of confrontation with administration (1) • Feeling powerless (2) • Fear of facing new challenges (2) | |
Gaining experience and skills | • Lack of skills to engage in process of health polices (5) • Building experience in the nursing (2) • Limited skills in public relations (3) • Improvement of their political skills (4) • Lack of research skills (4) | |
Education and research system | • Lack of knowledge and education about the policy-making process (4) • Lack of understanding of a complex political process (4) • Lack of public understanding (3) • Lack of access to research resources (3) • Personal interest in political knowledge and information (3) • Integrating Political education in the design nursing curriculum (3) • Undertaking research in health policy (3) • General deficiencies in nursing education (2) • Inability of nurses to bring forward research evidence to inform policy formulation (1) • Clarity in research directions (1) • Building of supportive research environments (2) • Strengthening nurses’ research capacity (2) • Promotion of evidence based decision making in nursing practice (1) • Providing International training opportunities for research and policy formulation (1) | |
Management and organizational factors | Creating communication networks | • Lack of communication from the top down (4) • Lack of communication networks and bonding (2) • Lack of sense of teamwork and collegiality (3) • Lack of involvement with nursing organizations (1) • Lack of national nursing association (1) • Lack of professional interest groups (1) • Use of technology and informatics (2) • Lack of collective action amongst different nursing stakeholders (2) • Existence of unity (2) |
Gaining and sharing knowledge and information | • Lack of access to information (2) • Lack of university nursing academics (2) • Lack of college nursing educators (1) • Lack of information sharing (2) • Lack of sharing of policies (1) • Getting new ideas from nursing literature (1) • Utilizing evidence based information (2) | |
Providing specialized and motivated human resources | • Lack of access to key individuals (2) • Increasing number of PhD nurses (1) • Having an organizational commitment (1) • Nurses motivation (1) • Shortage of nursing (2) | |
Providing non-human resource | • Lack of time (5) • Lack of money and other resources (8) | |
Establish effective leadership styles | • Combination of proactive leadership (1) • Leadership development among nurses (1) | |
Establishment of incentive organizational structure | • Follow Health policy of top-down approach (2) • Lack of enabling structures (5) • Sufficient authority (1) • The existence of a hierarchical system (2) • Bottom-up approach (2) • Clinical governance (1) • Determining where the power lies in organizations (2) | |
Membership in advisory and policy making committees | • Lack of nurses’ membership in the Policy development committee (1) • Membership in professional and or advocacy organizations (1) | |
Health policy outcomes and impact | • Correct role playing of policy making by nurses (1) • Lack of health policy capacity (1) • Dispersion in making policies (1) • Different attitudes of health policy makers (2) • Failure to make a difference by political activities (2) | |
Work environment | Environmental elements | • Existence of mental health issues among nurses (2) • The negative image of nursing by others professions (3) • Creation of an enabling environment (2) • Creating more opportunities for participation of nurses (2) |
External support | • Lack of support from political sector (2) • Lack of support from government officials (1) • Lack of support from professional organizations (1) • Strong support from the national nursing association (1) • Non-academic view of some physicians on the field of nursing (2) | |
Establishing fair and right work rules | • Heavy workload (2) • Career development of nurses (1) • Sex issues (2) • Restrictions of Nursing recruitment (1) |