Table 2 Patient safety competency checklist (PSC Checklist) for clinical practicum

Integrated Nursing Practice I/II

1. Patient safety principles

1) Concept of patient safety

1. The doctor must check the patient identification before treatment, and, if the doctor does not, the nurse should check the patient identification

V

2) System

2. Analyze the cause of errors or near miss (events that were discovered before the accident and did not harm the patient)

V

3) Human factor

3. Check how often nurses stop and perform other tasks during the administration of medication and assess the cause

V

4. Medical staffs (clinicians and nurses) actively share information with patients and guardians during rounds

V

5. Make eye-level contact with the patients and introduce myself to the patients before starting given tasks

V

6. Check whether the patient participated in discharge education and understood the contents of the education

V

7. Encourage patients to participate in education for fall prevention

V

8. Accurately identify the patient (e.g., measuring vital signs, measuring liver blood glucose, administrating medication, collecting samples, treating the patient, and providing prescribed diet)

V

9. Make a list of high-risk drugs and other drugs that look and sound similar

V

10. Store high-risk medications in special locations where it is specified, locked, or designated

V

11. Comply with cautionary measures when high-risk drugs are administered

V

12. When a patient arrives at the operating room, be aware of the pre-operative confirmation procedures and participate in sign-in/time-out/sign-out^a.

V

13. Monitor the hand hygiene practices of the medical staff in the ward

V

14. Fill-out fall risk assessment sheet of patients

V

Integrated Nursing Practice III/IV

15. Assess how many medical staff are involved in the care of one patient

V

16. Participate in the medical staff rounds (doctors and nurses)

V

17. Comply with principles and procedures of oral prescription when verbal prescriptions are given over the phone

V

18. Review the clinical results of patients and judge if it is urgent to contact a doctor

V

19. Report the condition of the patients to the doctors^b

V

Leadership Development

20. Communicate with doctors in accordance with SBAR (situation, background, assessment, recommendation) when transferring a patient (e.g., rehabilitation, x-ray examination, transfer to another ward)

V

5. Risk management & Quality improvement

1) Risk management

21. Identify factors in the ward that may harm patient safety (e.g., contaminated laundry without covers in the hallway, filled syringe needles, similar-looking drugs stored close to each other in one place, slippery floors, unlabeled syringes)

V

2) Quality improvement

22. Be aware of the activities (e.g., monitoring of events, analysis of patient complaints, and checking red signal events) and methods (e.g., clinical practice improvement, root cause analysis, failure mode and effect analysis, flow charts, cause and effect diagrams, Pareto chart) performed in the ward to improve the quality of the ward

V

23. Plan strategies to improve the problems and check whether the improvement is based on evidence (e.g., literature, clinical guidelines, data)

V