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Table 3 Means, standard deviations, significance test and effect sizes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

From: Negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on nurses can be buffered by a sense of humor and appreciation

 

Before the pandemic

During the pandemic

 

Scales

Scale

Range

  n

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

    t

p

two-tailed

Cohen’s dz

Stress (single item)

1–5

174

3.16

0.98

3.46

1.09

  3.14

   .002

  0.24

 -Emotional irritation

1–7

172

2.55

1.39

3.12

1.65

  4.63

< .001

  0.35

 -Emotional exhaustion

1–7

173

3.12

1.36

3.97

1.59

  8.08

< .001

  0.61

Flow

1–6

174

4.18

1.00

3.58

1.11

−7.67

< .001

−0.58

 -Absorption

1–6

170

4.54

0.90

4.05

1.09

−6.66

< .001

−0.51

 -Demand-skill balance

1–6

174

3.90

1.20

3.41

1.26

−5.38

< .001

−0.41

 -Enjoyment

1–6

173

4.15

1.08

3.42

1.24

−8.44

< .001

−0.64

Satisfaction

 

 -Work

1–7

171

4.79

1.12

4.14

1.51

−5.91

< .001

−0.45

 -Life

1–7

170

5.09

1.27

4.32

1.50

−5.91

< .001

−0.45

 -Work performance

1–7

164

5.58

1.06

4.88

1.37

−6.69

< .001

−0.52

 -Well-being

1–7

167

4.74

1.29

3.97

1.48

−6.03

< .001

−0.47

Appreciation

 

 -Patients

1–5

174

3.60

1.08

3.39

1.23

−2.72

   .007

−0.21

 -Society

1–5

167

2.01

0.99

2.37

1.23

  3.54

   .001

  0.27

  1. Note. Significant results (two-tailed; p < .05) are shown in bold face