Table 4 Changes in personal impact between spring and winter 2020

I was (I’m) afraid of getting infected.

n = 376

3.0 (1.5); 3

2.6 (1.4); 2

Z = − 4.846;

p < .001

Cohen’s d_z = 0.32

I felt (feel) confident in using hygiene protection concepts to prevent infection or transmission of the virus,

n = 378

3.2 (1.4); 4

3.8 (1.1); 4

Z = −8.683

p < .001

Cohen’s d_z = 0.49

I always kept (keep) my knowledge about the virus up to date.

n = 376

4.3 (1.0); 5

4.1 (1.1); 4

Z = −6.264

p < .001

Cohen’s d_z = 0.24