Table 2 Social-demographic and clinical characteristics of the total samples and the comparison between groups at baseline (N = 128)

Gender

–

–

–

–

  Male

75 (58.6%)

37 (57.8%)

38 (59.4%)

0.858^*

  Female

53 (41.4%)

27 (42.2%)

26 (40.6%)

Age (years)

57.43 ± 10.62

58.04 ± 10.46

56.83 ± 10.82

0.520^#

BMI

23.71 ± 3.03

23.59 ± 2.90

23.82 ± 3.16

0.658^#

  Underweight

4 (3.2%)

2 (3.2%)

2 (3.2%)

0.775^*

  Normal

66 (52.0%)

32 (50.8%)

34 (53.1%)

  Overweight

44 (34.6%)

24 (38.1%)

20 (31.3%)

  Obesity

13 (10.2%)

5 (7.9%)

8 (12.4%)

Marital status

–

–

–

–

  Married

114 (89.1%)

57 (89.1%)

57 (89.1%)

1.00^*

  Single/Divorced/Widowed

14 (10.9%)

7 (10.9%)

7 (10.9%)

Educational level

–

–

–

–

  Primary school or below

3 (2.3%)

1 (1.6%)

2 (3.1%)

0.697^*

  Secondary school

65 (50.8%)

33 (51.6%)

32 (50.0%)

  College

34 (26.6%)

15 (23.4%)

19 (29.7)

  Undergraduate or above

26 (20.3%)

15 (23.4%)

11 (17.2%)

Occupational status

–

–

–

–

  Employed

48 (37.5%)

22 (34.4%)

26 (40.6%)

0.465^*

  Unemployed/Retired

80 (62.5%)

42 (65.6%)

38 (59.4%)

Family average income (monthly in CNY)

4250 (3000, 6000)

4000 (3000, 5250)

4500 (3000, 6000)

0.867^§

Insurance

–

–

–

–

  Public insurance

127 (99.2%)

63 (98.4%)

64 (100%)

1.000^¶

  Commercial insurance

1 (0.8%)

1 (1.6%)

0 (0.0%)

Diabetes family history

–

–

–

–

  Yes

40 (31.3%)

18 (28.1%)

22 (34.4%)

0.624^*

  No

71 (55.5%)

36 (56.3%)

35 (54.7%)

  Unclear

17 (13.2%)

10 (15.6%)

7 (10.9%)

Diabetes duration (months)

6.70 ± 2.25

6.86 ± 2.21

6.53 ± 2.30

0.412^#

HbA1c (%)

6.76 ± 1.22

6.66 ± 1.09

6.86 ± 1.34

0.368^#

  <  6.5%

54 (42.5%)

29 (46.0%)

25 (39.1%)

0.427^*

  ≥ 6.5%

73 (57.5%)

34 (54.0%)

39 (60.9%)

Low blood glucose reaction

–

–

–

–

  Yes

35 (27.6%)

21 (33.3%)

14 (21.9%)

0.148^*

  No

92 (72.4%)

42 (66.7%)

50 (78.1%)

Treatment regimen

  No medical treatment/Lifestyle modification

32 (25.6%)

15 (23.8%)

17 (27.4%)

0.941^*

  Oral medicine only

74 (59.2%)

39 (61.9%)

35 (56.5%)

  Insulin only

2 (1.6%)

1 (1.6%)

1 (1.6%)

  Oral medicine & insulin

17 (13.6%)

8 (12.7%)

9 (14.5%)

Acute complications

–

–

–

–

  Yes

12 (9.4%)

6 (9.4%)

6 (9.4%)

1.000^*

  No

116 (90.6%)

58 (90.6%)

58 (90.6%)

Chronic complications

–

–

–

–

  Yes

28 (21.9%)

18 (28.1%)

10 (15.6%)

0.087^*

  No

100 (78.1%)

46 (71.9%)

54 (84.4%)

Concurrent chronic diseases

–

–

–

–

  Yes

85 (66.4%)

43 (67.2%)

42 (65.6%)

0.852^*

  No

43 (33.6%)

21 (32.8%)

22 (34.4%)