Table 5 Descriptive statistics of CeHLS-D items

Factor 1

3

Thinking of search words

2.56 (1.22)

6

Understanding medical terms

2.38 (1.25)

7

Figuring out numeric medical examination values (e.g., HbA1c, fasting glucose)

2.63 (1.19)

8

Appraising information credibility

2.32 (1.18)

9

Distinguishing advertisements

2.41 (1.19)

11

Trustworthiness of internet sources

2.19 (1.14)

14

Filtering applicable information

2.13 (1.19)

Factor 2

15

Emailing

2.49 (1.56)

16

Text messaging (e.g., KakaoTalk, WhatsApp)

3.20 (1.09)

19

Sharing opinions on social media

2.06 (1.48)

Total scale of the CeHLS-D

2.39 (1.04)

Factor 1, cognitive actions for internet diabetes information

2.37 (1.04)

Factor 2, abilities of digital communication

2.58 (1.22)