Table 3 Comparison of main study variables on categorical demographic variables

Gender

Male

115.2 ± 17.3

3.125

120.8 ± 7.02

−2.30

110.1 ± 21.9

−2.46

Female

122.3 ± 15.3

0.002*

124.8 ± 9.8

0.023*

119.8 ± 18.9

0.015*

Nurse-patient ratio

1:1

117.5 ± 18.05

0.855

126.2 ± 7.6

3.18

114.3 ± 19.8

1.44

1:2

118.8 ± 17.9

0.427

124.6 ± 8.6

0.046*

114.7 ± 21.4

0.242

1:3

121.7 ± 11.3

120.6 ± 9.2

126.7 ± 18.4

Work shift schedule

Morning

119.8 ± 16.3

1.019

124.2 ± 8.4

1.35

116.5 ± 19.8

1.36

Evening

122.5 ± 12.1

0.363

124.2 ± 10.8

0.264

121.1 ± 13.4

0.259

Night

116.8 ± 18.2

121.1 ± 9.3

109.2 ± 26.3

In-service communication skills training

Yes

119.9 ± 15.03

−1.15

123.1 ± 8.6

0.094

117.0 ± 18.8

1.28

No

116.8 ± 20.8

0.252

123.3 ± 10.02

0.925

110.9 ± 26.1

0.201

Level of education

Bachelor’s degree

121.3 ± 14.9

−2.39

121.4 ± 8.8

3.04

119.6 ± 20.1

2.76

Master’s degree

115.7 ± 18.5

0.017*

127.06 ± 8.02

0.003*

108.7 ± 18.8

0.007*

Economic status

Low

114.9 ± 18.6

2.52

118.03 ± 6.6

6.74

109.5 ± 29.4

1.84

Middle

119.8 ± 16.4

0.083

125.3 ± 9.1

0.002*

115.8 ± 19.2

0.164

High

124.9 ± 9.14

122.9 ± 8.2

129.8 ± 10.2