Table 1 Articles included in this review

Kim, M. (2019)/Korea [35]

To develop long-message services (LMS) and phone-based health-coaching for community-dwelling seniors diagnosed with hypertension and assess the effects of the programs implemented both separately and together.

124 participants aged 65 years or older with hypertension at two senior welfare centers in Seoul, South Korea,

RCT

8 weeks

Usual care

Long-message service and phone-based health coaching

Hypertension self-efficacy, Hypertension self-management, Medication adherence, Hypertension-related knowledge, blood pressure

.

Phone-based health-coaching with LMS was effective in improving medication adherence, hypertension self-efficacy, and self-management behaviour and decreasing systolic BP as compared to LMS only. There were also improvements in medication adherence, hypertension related knowledge, hypertension self-efficacy, self-management behaviour, and systolic BP in the LMS group as compared to the control group.

Choi and Kim (2014)/Korea [6]

Develop educational materials and a classification system for remote consultations and home-based healthcare through

videoconferencing, manage the blood pressure of patients through a ubiquitous-health (u-health) service, and identify its effects on the

blood pressure and level of depression of the service recipients (i.e.,low-income elderly patients with hypertension).

49 male and female hypertension patients older than 65 years of age who were taking an antihypertensive drug, who currently resided in the Permanent Rental Apartments for the low-income in Seoul.

Quasi-Experimental

8 weeks

No further mediation after the installation of the equipment and the initial training

Received blood pressure monitoring as well as

inbound–outbound remote video consultation

BP measurement, depression, and healthy lifestyle

The U-health nursing service via videoconferencing made a measurable contribution to a healthier lifestyle by reducing systolic blood pressure levels compared with those who were only monitored for high blood pressure. Therefore, this service is recommended as part of a hypertension management regimen for low-income elderly

people as an effective means of nursing intervention.

Cicolini et al. (2014)/Italy [33]

To test the efficacy of a nurse-led reminder program through email (NRP-e) to improve CVD risk factors among hypertensive

adults.

198 adult individuals with hypertension

RCT

6 months

Usual care

Received email alerts and phone calls from the nurse care manager regarding healthy lifestyle habits and routine health follow-ups

Number of cigarettes smoked per day, units of alcohol consumed per day, minutes of physical activity per day, number of servings of fruit and vegetables per day, drug use, capillary blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides

After 6 months, the following CVD risk factors significantly

improved in both groups: body mass index, alcohol and fruit consumption, cigarette smoking, adherence to therapy hours, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, low-

density lipoproteins (LDL) and total cholesterol, triglycerides, and physical activity. In the NRP-e group, however, the prevalence of several behaviours or conditions at risk decreased(16%), low fruit consumption (24%), uncontrolled hypertension (61%), LDL (56%), and total cholesterol (40%) increased significantly more than in the control group.

Wakefield et al. (2011)/ Iowa, US [31]

To evaluate the efficacy of a nurse managed home telehealth intervention to improve outcomes in veterans with comorbid diabetes and HTN

257 veterans residing in eastern Iowa and western Illinois, participants had type 2 diabetes and hypertension

RCT

6 months

Usual care

Intervention patients entered BP and BG measurements and responded to standardized questions based on their group assignment. Patients then received appropriate automated

responses depending on how they answered the device prompt, that is, correct responses were reinforced, and incorrect responses were reviewed and explained

Depression, Patient adherence, A1C and SBP

Home telehealth provides an innovative and pragmatic approach to enhance earlier detection of key clinical symptoms requiring intervention. Transmission of education and advice to the patient on an ongoing basis with close surveillance by nurses can improve clinical outcomes in patients with comorbid chronic illness.

Hebert, et al.

(2012) New York, USA [34]

To test the effectiveness on blood pressure

of home blood pressure monitors alone or in combination

with follow-up by a nurse manager.

416 Participants were randomized into 3 groups: usual care (176) Blood pressure monitoring group (120) and nurse management + Blood pressure monitoring (120)

RCT

9 and 18 months

Usual care

A one-time educational program about using the home BP monitor, strategies to improve medication adherence and healthy lifestyle done by a nurse manager, plus phone calls, and email alerts to reinforce the information and do a follow-up of participants.

Blood Pressure. Medication adherence, difficulty controlling weight; reducing stress, smoking,

alcohol, dietary salt or fat were measured.

The statistically significant changes on BP from intervention groups to usual care were only at 9 months. On the first intervention was − 7.0 mm Hg (Confidence Interval [CI], -13.4 to − 0.6) and in the second was + 1.1 mm Hg (95% CI, -5.5 to 7.8). Changes since baseline in self-reported medication

Adherence and smoking did not differ statistically significantly

across treatment groups.

Bosworth et al. (2011) North Carolina, USA [30]

To evaluates 3 novel hypertension

treatment delivery methods based on home telemonitoring

of BP. To determine which of the interventions

delivered via telephone was most effective in

improving BP control

591 Participants were randomized into 4 groups: 147 In usual care

Group, 148 In behavioural management

intervention group, 149 In medication management

intervention group, 147 In combined

intervention group

RCT

6, 12 and 18 months

Usual care

Telemedicine and Home BP Monitoring, behavioural management intervention consisted of 11 tailored

health behaviour modules focused on improving hypertension

self-management, medication management intervention a nurse provided the physician with a

medication change recommendation based on the decision support

software, combined intervention: patients received the full dose of each intervention.

The

primary outcome of the study was BP control measured at baseline

and at 6, 12, and 18 months. They also measured the costs of interventions.

Behavioural management and medication management alone

showed significant improvements at 12 months—12.8%

(95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-24.1%) and 12.5%

(95% CI, 1.3-23.6%), respectively—but not at 18 months

Brennan et al. (2010)/United States [32]

To determine whether a telephonic nurse disease management (DM) program designed for African Americans is more effective than a home monitoring program alone to increase blood pressure (BP) control among African Americans enrolled in a national health plan.

Self-identified African Americans, age 23 and older, in health maintenance organization plans, with hypertension

954 members recruited, 638 (66.9%) completed the initial assessment.

RCT

6 months

BP monitors and written and nurse-directed phone

call instructions to measure their BP at home at regular intervals.

Nurses initiated monthly calls to participants with the goals of improving their hypertension knowledge and supporting lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation, regular exercise, and adherence to the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet.

Blood pressure, frequency of blood pressure monitoring, number of antihypertension medication classes, healthcare utilization

A nurse DM program tailored for African Americans was effective at decreasing systolic BP and increasing the

frequency of self-monitoring of BP to a greater extent than home monitoring alone. Recruitment and program completion rates could be improved for maximal impact.