Older persons’ thoughts about death and dying and their experiences of end-of-life care: a qualitative study


 Background: Few studies have focused on how older persons living in nursing homes perceive their last period of life. Furthermore, previous research on older persons’ perceptions of death and dying is limited. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore their experiences during their final period in life.Aim: To explore thoughts about death and dying and experiences of end-of-life care among older persons living in nursing homes.Methods: This study employed a qualitative approach including individual interviews with 36 older persons living in Swedish nursing homes. Questions related to quality of life; physical health; thoughts about death, dying, and the future; and experiences related to the living condition and environment were asked. The interview transcripts were analysed through content analysis. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board (reference number: 2015/4).Results: The analysis resulted in the identification of three main thematic categories: The unavoidable and unknown end of life, Thoughts on control and Living your last period of life at a nursing home. The older persons did not fear death itself but had some worries about dying. Spending the last stage of life at a nursing home contributed to different thoughts and feelings among the older persons. With a few exceptions, older persons characterized life at the nursing home as boring and felt they were surrounded by people who did not belong there.Conclusions: This study indicates a need for older persons to talk about death, dying and end-life issues. Furthermore, this study highlighted that the co-residence of cognitively healthy persons and persons with dementia in the same ward adversely affected cognitively healthy persons. This situation resulted in there being not enough time to both handle the care needs of persons with dementia and have the conversations that cognitively healthy persons desired, such as conversations about thoughts about existence, that could have improved their quality of life.Trial registration: NCT02708498 Date of registration 16 February 2016.

The mean length of stay after moving into a nursing home is decreasing [10], and almost one-third of all older persons who move into a nursing home die within six weeks [11]. Older persons are more likely to die from chronic diseases, such as heart and circulatory diseases, cancer, and dementia [1,11], which involve complex care needs [12,13]. It is challenging to determine when an older person's end-of-life stage begins [14] since diseases usually progress over a period of time. Early signs preceding death could be di cult for nursing home staff to detect [15], even though the nal year of life is often associated with symptoms such as pain, depression, confusion, and distress [11,16]. Thus, most persons living in nursing homes are in the nal stage of life and bene t from palliative care.
Knowledge and understanding of older persons' perspectives about death, dying and the last period of life are prerequisites for staff working at nursing homes to enable good palliative care. Although previous research has found that older persons desire to talk about death and dying [4,5,17], other researchers have found that older persons living in nursing homes do not have the opportunity to discuss questions related to the last period in life [8,11,18]. Therefore, older persons living in nursing homes with extensive palliative care needs tend to receive care that is not adapted to their speci c needs, which results in unnecessary suffering [11,19]. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore the experiences of older persons living in nursing homes during their nal period in life.

AIM
The aim of the study was to explore thoughts about death, dying and experiences of end-of-life care among older persons living in nursing homes.

Methods
Design and setting of the study This study used a qualitative approach including interviews with 36 older persons living in Swedish nursing homes. The study was part of the project Knowledge-based Palliative Care [in Swedish, KUnskapsbaserad PAlliativ vård"], which is abbreviated as the KUPA project. For the KUPA project, a palliative intervention was implemented in 20 nursing homes using a non-randomized experimental crossover design. The goal of the project was to improve palliative care for older persons in nursing homes [20]. Trial registration: NCT02708498.

Sample
The inclusion criteria were age 65 years or older, ability to communicate in Swedish and su cient energy to participate in a one-hour interview. The exclusion criterion was cognitive impairment. At each of the nursing homes a liated with the KUPA project, a contact person was assigned. This contact person informed older persons who ful lled the inclusion criterion about the project. They asked older persons about their interest in participating in an interview. If the older person was interested, the contact person contacted the researchers and shared the older person's contact information. The researcher then booked a time for the interview at the nursing home with the older person. Further information about the project, voluntary participation and the right to withdraw without any reason or consequences was provided. Time for questions was provided before the older person signed the informed consent form. In total, 36 older persons were included in this study; they had a mean age of 88 years (67-102), and most of them (20, 56%) were women. Regarding marital status, 18 (50%) of the older persons were widowed, 12 (33%) were married, four (11%) were divorced and two (6%) were single.

Data collection
Four registered nurses with experience in meeting and talking to older persons performed the individual interviews. The nurses followed a questionnaire to ask questions related to quality of life; physical health; thoughts about death, dying, and the future; and experiences related to their living conditions and environment. During the interviews, the older person shared his or her spontaneous thoughts about death, dying and his or her experiences of end-of-life care at the nursing home. The interviews lasted between 30-90 minutes and were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim.

Analyses of the transcribed interviews
The transcribed interview text was analysed through content analysis as described by Graneheim and Lundman [21]. The analysis process started with the authors (JT, CB) independently reading the whole interviews repeatedly. Then, the authors met and discussed the content. Expressions related to the study aim were identi ed and divided into meaning units and then condensed at a descriptive level. The condensed meaning units were then labelled with codes. The authors discussed the condensed meaning units as well as the codes. Codes were compared regarding their similarities and differences before the categories were created. Then, the authors separately read and critically reviewed the categories and subcategories in relation to the interview text. Several combined meetings were held to re ect on the analysis process to uncover as many qualities as possible before consensus on the results was reached. Table 1 shows an example of the analysis process.

Results
The analysis resulted indicated three main categories: The unavoidable and unknown end of life, Thoughts on control and Living your last period of life at a nursing home. In the main category The unavoidable and unknown end of life, which is divided into three sub-categories, describes the older persons' worries and wishes related to the end of life as well as their approaches to death and remaining life. The second category, Thoughts on control, portrays the older persons different views about whether death should be controlled. The third category, Living your last period of life at a nursing home, describes the older persons' thoughts, feelings and attitudes on spending the end of life at a nursing home. The three main categories and their corresponding sub-categories are presented in Table 2. The unavoidable and unknown end of life The older persons had different perspectives on dying, death and the end of life. The older persons expressed various wishes and worries related to dying, which are described in the sub-category Worries and wishes related to dying. Death was perceived as something natural and an inevitable part of life, and the older persons did not particularly worry about death; however, the reasons behind their lack of worries varied, as illustrated in the sub-category Death as a natural closure. The older persons found it di cult to plan for the future and connected an unknown future to nding oneself in the end-phase of life -their views on nding meaning and happiness in this phase of life are described in the sub-category Views on remaining life.

Worries and wishes related to dying
The older persons expressed worries related to dying. Undergoing a long and protracted death, as well as facing an end of life characterized by illness and slowly languishing away, evoked worries among the older persons. Another worry that the older persons noted concerned being in pain. The thought of dying in pain generated concerns. Some of the older persons were convinced they would receive adequate pain relief, while others worried that they would not receive the help they would need in time.
"Possibly, you are afraid of not getting the help you need (...) because if you are lying there in pain, that is hard for both yourself and your loved ones." -Woman, 77 years old Several of the older persons shared a wish to remain healthy until the very end of their lives. Dying quickly or suddenly was a common way that the older persons described how they would like to die. The older persons also gave examples of what would settle their worries in the face of death and help them feel peace. Those who were scared of dying in pain noted that the nursing home and caregivers gave them a sense of security. Thus, for some of the older persons, the nursing home can be viewed as a comforting place of safety and security.
"As long as you die in a regular way (…) of course you don't want to die in dismay" -Woman, 77 years old Death as a natural closure Dying evoked worries, but death itself was not feared by the older persons. Death was explained as an unavoidable part of life and therefore nothing worth being concerned about. The older persons viewed death as a natural end of life. However, the reasons why the older persons did not worry about death varied. Some had experienced near-death experiences, which resulted in them not fearing death. Others compared themselves with younger, healthy persons and argued that the death of older persons is not depressing compared to the death of younger people. Some of the older persons even portrayed death as a relief from life and thus something to long for.
"… if you have become so weak and obsolete, then it is nice to get away from it …" -Woman, 77 years old The older persons had varied thoughts about what would happen after death. Some wished they had a faith to be comforted by, and some hoped for life after death and the ability to rest near and dear family and friends. Some of the older persons shared a view of death was a large empty room, an unknown situation they knew nothing about.
"How afraid am I of dying. You don't know anything. It is entirely foreign; completely empty you do not know anything" -Woman, 81 years old

Views on remaining life
The older persons expressed awareness of being at the end of life. Some expressed a lack of prospects or a future to look forward to, while others showed disinterest in future events. They portrayed the future as something unknown and uncontrollable. However, the older persons did not express speci c worries about facing this unknown future. Not having to think about the future was described by the older persons as part of knowing they were drawing closer to the end of life. The older persons associated the ageing process with different kinds of losses; these losses and their impacts on the older persons are described in the sub-category Loss of function and independence. Death was considered uncontrollable, but the older persons also had different thoughts on how they would like to be able to control the moment of death; these thoughts are illustrated in the sub-category A controlled death.

Loss of function and independence
Different types of losses connected to the ageing process were described by older persons. The loss of functions was reported as a feeling of not being able to control one's daily activities or schedule, which was followed by a feeling of loss of independence and control. The loss of control caused a feeling of frustration, but the older persons also perceived this loss of control as a natural part of the ageing process that everyone goes through.
The older persons described decreases in physical function and the inability to perform activities they once been able to do. One man contrasted his previous ability to engage in many activities when he was healthy with his current substantial loss of physical function. He described the loss of his physical function as a transformation he had to learn to become accustomed to; however, the feeling of not being able to take care of himself caused frustration. "Before, I was able to do almost anything, and now I feel like a piece of shit (…) as an example, I am not able to hammer a nail into the wall; I cannot hold the nail with my left hand. So, it is a lot, but I have learnt to accept it. I just rather need to ask someone to help me." -Man, 77 years old Decreased physical function contributed to a feeling of lost independence among the older persons.
Some described decreased control of the bladder and decreased mobility. One woman described the di culty of getting up from a chair and noted that pain was a contributing factor. The inability take care of herself or have control of her day-to-day activities was very frustrating, and constantly being dependent on others gave her a sense of hopelessness.
"… I have di culties calling (…) I want to take care of myself." -Woman, 96 years old Their thoughts about losing control of physical function were accompanied by a sense of fear of being a burden. The older persons described themselves as being a burden to caregivers, friends, and society. However, some of the older persons believed that in one way, requiring care gave others work opportunities. Despite their loss of physical function, the older persons also expressed gratitude for being mentally healthy and not suffering from dementia.
"… you can be grateful as long as you are cognitively intact; that is something I feel is nice." -Woman, 89 years old "My life has a value since it contributes to employment for health professionals (…) they (the family) seem to value me; they do, but probably, I am just an inconvenience." -Man, 91 years old A controlled death Some of the older persons thought that they could not control death. They understood death as a force that cannot be controlled. One older person expressed that no one, not physicians or anyone else, can control death, and therefore, it is nothing to spend time worrying about. Another older woman explained that she had faith that the staff had control for her.
"No, I do not think I have control; I trust someone else to have the control." -Woman, 90 years old A wish to be able to control death was described by the older persons. Some feared not being able to control their own behaviour at the moment of death. None of the older persons believed they could control their own moments of death. However, they voiced a wish to be able to say goodbye to loved ones a certain amount of time in advance of their death and a wish to be prepared for death when it occurred. At the same time, the older persons re ected that knowing when they were going to die would be distressing.
There was a strong wish among the older persons to be able to make decisions about their own death, as they considered themselves to be cognitively healthy. Several of the older persons shared thoughts about assisted dying. Some did not necessarily agree with assisted dying but were against life-supporting measures. Others expressed a positive attitude towards assisted dying and felt that decisions about one's own death are individual decisions.

Living together with others
Being forced to live with others at the nursing home was described as strenuous and as having a negative impact on one's wellbeing. The older persons perceived other residents at the nursing home to be more ill and in greater need of care than they were. Some of the older persons believed that they were in better health, both physically and cognitively, than other residents at the nursing home, which resulted in them being overlooked when it came to their own care. This led to frustration with other residents at the nursing home and feelings that the other residents did not belong there.
"Then, some of those living here are not healthy and should not live at a nursing home (…) she has yelled at me, and that upsets me. She yells at everybody; that's the worst." -Woman, 88 years Some of the older persons described feeling lonely at the nursing home, suggesting a lack of community, and belonging. Factors contributing to the lack of community and sense of belonging included one's own or others' hearing loss, dementia, feelings of listlessness and tiredness and a lack of interest in other residents. However, some of the older persons did not experience a lack of community and belonging at the nursing home. A few of the older persons described that the nursing home provided them a social context where they were able to have meals and coffee together with other residents.
"The people who live here, including myself, you know, it is something wrong (…) Some do not hear, and that is almost the worst when you are speaking to someone who does not hear anything, it is just what, and what and what." -Man, 90 years old "… we are a few, and we can sit and maybe drink coffee and talk; I think that is a fellowship that is important. There is always someone who has something positive to talk about, and it spreads over to others." -Woman, 77 years old

Con nement and boredom
Some of the older persons characterized life at the nursing home was characterized as boring and simply satisfactory. The nursing home environment also led to a feeling of being con ned and not having the same freedom as before to go outside. The possibility to go out for a short period of time was viewed as very meaningful. Some of the older persons had the ability to go out on their own, while others had to rely on family members. To be able to go out and spend time with family was viewed as very important, yet some of the older persons felt they could not rely on their families to entertain them.
"Of course, if I did not have my daughter who is taking me out for walks and shopping, then I would probably think it was even more boring, even more dull." -Woman, 88 years old Those who could go out on their own described this as an important part of their routines that allowed them to gain contact with the "outside world" away from the nursing home. Family was viewed as an important part of avoiding boredom and maintaining a sense of wellbeing, as many of the older persons lacked a sense of belonging. Some of the older people longed to have something to keep them busy. One man described life at the nursing home as a di cult adjustment from living a very active life to now experiencing a feeling of being con ned inside the nursing home.
"It is the lack of labour, that is something I miss. I do not know what I should say because I have always been active, and when you come down here, it is like a prison." Man, 98 years old

Discussion
The aim of the study was to explore thoughts about death, dying and experiences of end-of-life care among older persons living in nursing homes. The results emphasize that dying caused worry among older persons. Their worries were especially related to a fear of pain and a long, protracted death. The nding on the fear of dying among older persons is supported by the ndings of several other studies [6,16,17]. The results in this study also highlight wishes among older persons at the end stage of life, i.e., dying quickly without pain or suffering quick was expressed as the ideal way of dying. The results indicate that older persons were not afraid of death, which is supported by earlier studies [3,4,8,16]. In the present study, death was considered a natural and inevitable part of life. Österlind et al. [4] suggested that older persons' lack of concerns regarding death could be explained by their view of death as a natural end to a long life.
The results in the present study showed that older persons, with a few exceptions, worried about dying but not about death. Rahm Hallberg [5] found in her literature overview that older persons tended to plan their own death, for example, their funeral arrangements. However, preparing for dying seemed to be more uncommon, even though dying was seemingly what the older persons were most worried about. A potential explanation is that older persons avoid preparation or planning because it may cause anxiety and worries. Rahm Hallberg's [5] results are in line with the results of the present study, which show that some of the older persons had made funeral arrangements, while dying was not something the older persons were prepared for.
The purpose of this study was not to explore older persons' opportunities to discuss death and deathrelated questions at the nursing home. Nevertheless, the results indicate that older persons have fears and worries about dying. These fears and worries need to be adequately addressed by caregivers. A possible explanation for why older persons worry about dying is that they are not often given the opportunity to discuss such questions [9]. It has been found that caregivers rarely open up for a discussion about death and dying [7,9], despite the idea that older persons have a need for conversations about this topic [8,11,18]. Caregivers' unwillingness to discuss death and dying has been suggested being caused by a lack of knowledge and/or con dence among caregivers [7,8]. Thus, there exists a need to offer caregivers at nursing homes suitable support and education about how they should discuss death-and dying-related questions with older persons. The importance of giving older persons the opportunity to discuss these questions cannot be stressed enough -these conversations offer an opportunity to collect knowledge about the older person's individual preferences in the end stage of life, and upholding these preferences should be considered an essential part of adequate end-of-life care.
The results revealed that life at the nursing home, to some extent, was characterized by negative experiences. The older persons shared stories related to the di culties of living at a place with other residents who demanded more care than they did. The results suggest that the co-residence of mentally healthy older persons with older persons suffering from cognitive failure in the same nursing home has a negative impact on mentally healthy older persons. The older persons participating in this study were mentally healthy and expressed di culties nding a social context at the nursing home. Previous research comparing cognitively healthy residents at nursing homes with residents suffering from dementia revealed that the former group experienced social di culties, resulting in feelings of frustration and loneliness [22,23]. A systematic overview by Bradshaw et al. [22] showed that mentally healthy residents avoided contact with residents with cognitive failure, which resulted in loneliness and social isolation. However, the same overview also indicated that older persons who managed to nd a social context at the nursing home felt a sense of belonging that had a positive impact on their wellbeing.
Social isolation is common among older persons [24,25], and loneliness and isolation can be connected to symptoms of depression among older persons [26]. Hence, social isolation can have a negative impact on older persons' wellbeing [25,26], which emphasizes the signi cance of optimizing older persons' opportunities to nd a social context at the nursing home. Riis Iden et al. [23] proposed dividing older persons into different wards/homes based on their mental health to improve the social aspects and quality of life of older persons in nursing homes.

Methodological considerations
In qualitative research, trustworthiness including the concepts credibility, dependability, con rmability, and transferability, needs to be considered [21,27] and will guide the methodological considerations of this study. One way to increase credibility is to collect data on a variety of experiences from participants to highlight several different perspectives of the phenomenon studied. This study included 20 women and 16 men aged 67 to 102 living at various nursing homes, which contributed to variation in age, gender, marital status, and nursing home type. A limitation of this study is that only cognitively healthy older persons who could participate during a one-hour interview were included, which might have contributed to a biased view of the nal stage of life in nursing homes. Thus, it is important to highlight that the use of this sample might have prevented the results from re ecting the thoughts and experiences of the frailest, oldest persons. The data collection was conducted through structured interviews, which encouraged the older persons to respond mainly in short statements, which can be considered a limitation. It is possible that semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions would encourage more detailed and comprehensive responses. However, the older people chose to talk spontaneously about their thoughts about death and dying and their experiences of end-of-life care. It seems that the older persons had a need to talk about these issues. Thus, it can be considered that the responses, based on spontaneous thoughts that the older persons decided to share, are a strength in terms of the study credibility. To further strengthen the credibility of the study and to facilitate the reader's assessment of the reliability of the results, quotes in each category and sub-category were presented, as well as examples of how the analysis process was performed are presented reported in Table 2. To strengthen the dependability of this study, all older persons responded to the same questionnaires, all interviews were conducted by the same experienced interviewers, and the data collection period was relatively short (nine months). The participation of both authors in the analysis process reduced the risk of misinterpretation and ensured rigour. The authors independently analysed the data but had continuous discussions during the analysis process, which strengthened the con rmability of the study. The decision if the results are transferable to other contexts has been facilitated through the provision of a clear description of the selection of participants and the context of the study for the reader. This study included cognitively healthy older persons aged 65 or older from both larger and smaller nursing homes located in both urban and rural areas. Thus, the results suggest being applicable to other older persons living in nursing homes, provided that they are cognitively healthy. However, the results are unlikely to be transferable to older persons suffering from cognitive impairment or who are not residents of nursing homes.

Conclusions
This study indicates a need for older persons to talk about death, dying and end-of-life issues. Giving older persons the opportunity to talk about what worries them and what they perceive to be meaningful and enabling them to do so could improve their quality of life. Even though the life expectancy is not long in older persons living in nursing homes, there is a possibility that the need for care and what is perceived as meaningful change over time. Therefore, a continuous dialogue about desires and concerns via conversations with staff is necessary to improve the nal stage in life among older persons. Thus, the staff in nursing homes need to be trained and supported in talking about the sensitive subjects of dying and death.
Furthermore, this study highlighted that the co-residence of cognitively healthy persons and persons with dementia in the same ward adversely affected cognitively healthy persons. This situation resulted in insu cient time to both handle the care needs of persons with dementia and have conversations that cognitive healthy persons desire. The results revealed that the needs of the cognitively healthy persons had to be deprioritized, and there was no time for them to talk about their thoughts about existence that could have given them a better quality of life. The sense of community among the older persons that might have been expected at a nursing home was lost when cognitively impaired residents were not only di cult to communicate with but were even perceived as disturbing. Prior to the interviews and before the participants sign the written consent form, the participants were given verbal and written information about the study. Written consent was obtained from participants.

List Of Abbreviations
Participation was voluntary and could be interrupted at any time without the participants having to give a reason and without any consequences. Since the sample consisted of a vulnerable group i.e. frail older persons various efforts were made to minimize the risk of unintentional harm. First, the selection of older persons was made based upon the contact person's knowledge of the older person and his/her ability to manage an interview lasting for about one hour. Second, the researchers were observant if the older person got tired during the interview and offered to interrupt the interview and come back another day.
Third, the researchers were also observant to signs of depressed mood or anxiety during the interview, and in those cases immediately contacted the older persons' contact person at the nursing home, who in turn could ask for counselling from nurses or physicians. Fourth, weekly meetings were held during the data collection period within the research group, led by the experienced project manager. Di culties identi ed in an interview situation were discussed and managed from the ethic principle of nonmale cence. Furthermore, to maintain the principle of non-male cence, the participants were guaranteed con dentiality i.e. the collected data were encoded so that individuals could not be identi ed. Only the codes were used during the analysis, and the ndings were reported at a group level. The code lists were stored in locked cabinets apart from the interviews. To create an environment as bene cial as possible for the participants, the participants themselves chose the time and place for the interviews.

Consent to publish
Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.