Table 5 Leadership style scale and subscale scores (lowest = 0 to highest = 4)

Transformational (TFL) overall score

2.55

0.75

TFL subscale scores

- Inspirational Motivation (IM)

2.65

0.86

- Idealized Influence Attributed (IAII)

2.59

0.81

- Idealized Influence Behavior (IBII)

2.51

0.83

- Intellectual Stimulation (IS)

2.50

0.83

- Individualized Consideration (IC)

2.47

0.83

Transactional (TAL) overall score

2.12

0.64

TAL subscale scores

- Contingent Rewards CR

2.50

0.87

- Management-by-Exception-Active MBEA

2.47

0.83

- Management-by-Exception-Passive, MBEP

1.36

1.21

Laissez-faire (TFL) overall score

1.26

1.02