| Nurse density | Associate nurse density | Nursing aid density | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-standardizedd | Standardized | Non-standardizedd | Standardized | Non-standardizedd | Standardized | |||||||||||||
β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |||||||
Hospital bed densities per 100,000 population | ||||||||||||||||||
 Beds with a 7:1 patient-to-nurse ratio | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.57*** | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.68*** | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.10* | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.23*** | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.13*** | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.30*** |
 Beds with a 10:1 patient-to-nurse ratio | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.43*** | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.53*** | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.08*** | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.22*** | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.13*** | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.31*** |
 Beds with a 13:1 patient-to-nurse ratio | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.44* | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.12* | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.09 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 | −0.03 | 0.14 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.08 |
 Beds with a 15:1 patient-to-nurse ratio | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.47*** | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.18*** | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.28*** | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.25*** | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.21* | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.14*** |
 Intensive care unit bedsa | 3.27 | 2.34 | 4.21*** | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.36*** | −0.06 | −0.42 | 0.30 | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.55* | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
 Long-term care ward beds | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.27*** | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.24*** | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.23*** | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.47*** | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.32*** | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.61*** |
 Psychiatric ward beds | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.22*** | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.25*** | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.14*** | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.36*** | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.17*** | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.40*** |
Socioecomic variables | ||||||||||||||||||
 Population density (refefence: 1st quartile) | ||||||||||||||||||
  2nd quartile | 31.78 | 1.35 | 62.21* | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.16* | −18.78 | −32.79 | −4.77* | −0.13 | −0.19 | −0.07*** | −3.95 | −19.03 | 11.13 | −0.02 | −0.08 | 0.03 |
  3rd quartile | 10.12 | −18.94 | 39.18 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.10 | −14.01 | −27.69 | −0.32* | −0.10 | −0.17 | −0.03** | −9.83 | −27.30 | 7.63 | −0.06 | −0.13 | 0.01 |
  4th quartile | 24.32 | −12.67 | 61.32 | 0.07 | −0.04 | 0.18 | −17.39 | −32.75 | −2.04* | −0.12 | −0.23 | −0.02* | −6.79 | −31.05 | 17.48 | −0.04 | −0.14 | 0.06 |
 Unemployment rate (%) | −2.12 | −8.29 | 4.04 | −0.02 | −0.08 | 0.04 | 2.71 | −0.78 | 6.20 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.12* | 2.74 | −0.43 | 5.90 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.11* |
 Per capita income (100,000 yen/person) | 3.08 | −0.08 | 6.24 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.19 | −1.76 | −2.72 | −0.80** | −0.13 | −0.22 | −0.04** | −1.56 | −2.72 | −0.41** | −0.10 | −0.18 | −0.01* |
 Standard number of beds in Prefectural Medical Care Plans (1,000 beds) | 4.16 | 0.86 | 7.46* | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.17* | −1.23 | −2.12 | −0.33** | −0.07 | −0.13 | 0.00 | 0.17 | −0.99 | 1.33 | 0.01 | −0.06 | 0.07 |
Nurse workforce related variables | ||||||||||||||||||
 Average annual wage of nurses (100,000 yen)b,c | −8.53 | −12.66 | −4.41*** | −0.18 | −0.26 | −0.11*** | −1.18 | −2.99 | 0.62 | −0.06 | −0.13 | 0.01 | −1.22 | −3.16 | 0.71 | −0.05 | −0.12 | 0.02 |
 The number of graduates from nursing schools per 100,000 populationc | −2.10 | −16.33 | 12.12 | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.05 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.00 | −0.34 | 0.34 | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.06 |
 The number of graduates from associate nursing schools per 100,000 populationc |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.32 | 0.59 | 2.04** | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.22*** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Turnover ratec | −7.82 | −13.25 | −2.40** | −0.12 | −0.19 | −0.05** | 5.26 | 2.59 | 7.94*** | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.25*** | 5.78 | 2.86 | 8.69*** | 0.176 | 0.11 | 0.24*** |
  Adj R-squared | 0.76 |  |  |  |  |  | 0.79 |  |  |  |  |  | 0.82 |  |  |  |  |  |