Development and evaluation of a modified brief assertiveness training for nurses in the workplace: a single-group feasibility study

Table 3 Comparison of pre- and post-intervention scores of outcome measures

Measures	Baseline (Pre)		1-month (Post)		Difference		t	p	ES^‡
Measures	Mean	(SD)	Mean	(SD)	Mean	(SD)	t	p	ES^‡
RAS (primary outcome)	−12.9	(17.2)	−8.6	(18.6)	−4.3	(7.4)	−2.7	0.01^*	0.24
BFNE^†	39.1	(7.0)	39.1	(6.8)	0.0	(4.1)	0.0	1.00	0.00
BJSQ
Job-stressors^†	39.6	(4.9)	40.2	(4.4)	−0.59	(2.8)	1.00	0.33	−0.13
Psychological distress^†	37.4	(8.1)	37.1	(8.2)	0.32	(3.9)	0.38	0.71	0.04
Physical distress^†	19.5	(7.0)	18.7	(5.9)	0.82	(3.4)	1.11	0.28	0.13
Worksite support	19.0	(3.8)	18.4	(4.7)	0.59	(2.6)	1.07	0.30	0.14
Satisfaction	4.5	(1.2)	4.4	(1.3)	0.45	(0.79)	0.27	0.79	0.04

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^†higher scores indicate greater severity or distress. ^‡ categorize as small (0.20–0.49), medium (0.50–0.79), and large (≥ 0.80). Abbreviation: RAS, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule; BFNE, Brief Version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale; BJSQ, Brief Job Stress Questionnaire; ES, Effect Size

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