Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
From: Barriers to nurse–patient communication in Saudi Arabia: an integrative review
Author/year | Study design | Methodology | Participants | Settings | Quality of the paper | Key findings related to review |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MD Al-Mendalawi [26] | Cross-sectional survey | Quantitative | 116 patients | In-patient at tertiary referred hospital | Medium | Patients are satisfied with health services regardless of language barrier. |
ZA Mani and MA Ibrahim [20] | Cross-sectional survey | Quantitative | 77 nurses | ICU at tertiary referred hospital | High | There are communication difficulties between nurses and patients in end-of-life care. |
A Shubayra [27] | Descriptive Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews | Qualitative | 9 nurses | Peritoneal dialysis at tertiary referred hospital | High | Language barriers impeded effective nursing education to patients. |
M Silbermann, RM Fink, S-J Min, MP Mancuso, J Brant, R Hajjar, N Al-Alfi, L Baider, I Turker and K ElShamy [21] | Descriptive survey | Quantitative | 776 health-care providers | Oncology department at three tertiary referred hospitals | High | There are numerous communication difficulties in palliative care. |
WA Suliman, E Welmann, T Omer and L Thomas [28] | Descriptive survey | Quantitative | 393 patients | Three national guard health affairs facilities | High | There are communication barriers that influence nurse–patient relationships. |
G Abudari, H Hazeim and G Ginete [29] | Phenomenological design | Qualitative | 10 nurses | Oncology department at tertiary referred hospital | High | Non-Muslim nurses are facing several challenges in taking care of Muslim cancer patients. |
AH Al-Doghaither [30] | Not reported | Quantitative | 450 patients | In-patient at university hospital | High | Different levels of satisfaction are perceived by patients related to nurses competency level or interpersonal skills |
H Aljadhey, MA Mahmoud, MA Hassali, A Alrasheedy, A Alahmad, F Saleem, A Sheikh, M Murray and DW Bates [31] | Exploratory design | Qualitative | 65 health-care providers | Secondary level and Private hospital | Medium | Communication barriers threat patient safety (medication error). |
AF Almutairi, G Gardner and A McCarthy [32] | Cross-sectional survey Case study design | Mixed method | 319 nurses | In-patient at tertiary referred hospital | High | Nurses from different cultures have different perceptions about the safety environment. |
BM Hammoudi, S Ismaile and O Abu Yahya [33] | Cross-sectional survey | Quantitative | 367 nurses | In-patient at four tertiary referred hospitals | Medium | Nurses’ languages and cultural diversity influence medication administration as well as reporting errors. |
A Khalaf, A Westergren, Ö Ekblom, HM Al-Hazzaa and V Berggren [34] | Explorative design | Qualitative | 15 nurses | In-patient at secondary health level hospital | High | There are differences in language, religion and culture among nurses providing health services. |
AG Mohamed [35] | Cross-sectional survey | Quantitative | 343 nurses | Five hospitals at different health levels | Medium | According to nurses, patients can be dissatisfied due to many reasons including communication. |
J Mebrouk [36] | Phenomenological design | Qualitative | 5 nurses | In-patient at tertiary referred hospital | High | Saudi nurses have enough knowledge regarding language, religion and cultural whereas expatriate lack knowledge. Expatriate nurses usually use non-verbal communication. |
H Alabdulaziz, C Moss and B Copnell [17] | Explanatory sequential design | Mixed methods | 234 nurses | Paediatrics at secondary health level hospitals | High | There are differences in language, religion and culture among nurses and patients. |
DN Alosaimi and MM Ahmad [18] | Descriptive Semi-structured interviews | Qualitative | 20 nurses | In-patient at tertiary referred hospital | High | Limited verbal communication and limited knowledge of religion and culture exist among expatriate nurses. |
MA Atallah, AM Hamdan-Mansour, MM Al-Sayed and AE Aboshaiqah [37] | Cross-sectional design | Quantitative | 100 patients | In-patient at tertiary referred hospital | Medium | Different levels of patient satisfaction occur depending on either nurses’ competency or interpersonal skills. |
E Sidumo, VJ Ehlers and S Hattingh [38] | Descriptive, exploratory study design | Quantitative | 50 nurses | Obstetric unit at secondary level hospital | Medium | Limited knowledge about cultural and religious practices exists among expatriate nurses. |
H Al Fozan [39] | Cross-sectional design | Quantitative | 302 patients and family caregivers | In-patient of national guard health affairs facility | Medium | Patients are satisfied with Saudi nurses who have same language, culture and religion. |
P Halligan [19] | Phenomenological design | Qualitative | 6 nurses | ICU at tertiary referred hospital | Medium | Patients misinterpret some of the expatriate nurses’ non-verbal communication. |
M Van Bommel [40] | Phenomenological descriptive | Qualitative | 63 nurses | CCU at tertiary referred hospital | High | There are language, cultural and religious diversity among expatriate nurses and patients in ICU. |