Table 1 Prevalence, types and forms of sexual harassment against female nurses
From: Sexual harassment against female nurses: a systematic review
Authors and Year | Country | Sample size | Prevalence | Types and forms of sexual harassment | Quality Score (0–9) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Othman et al. 2018, [21] | Kenya | 120 | 27.50% | Sexual harassment | 5 |
Fatema 2017, [22] | Bangladesh | 133 | 71.00% | Sexual harassment | 5 |
Hussein et al.2015, [23] | Egypt | 110 | 87.30% | Verbal forms: Verbal comments to 27.57%,, Talking sexual words to 3.03%, Saying sexual jokes to 3.3%, Sending telephone to 12.43% Non-verbal: Whistling to 11.2%, sex look to 38.17%, Waving to 5.13%, Forced identification to 15.17%, Stalking to 2.7%, Touching nurses’ body to 4.23%, Removal of clothes to 2.70% | 7 |
Ali et al.2015, [24] | Egypt | 430 | 70.20% | Staring in suggestive manner at 70.90% of female nurses, Talking by sexual words to 58.60%, Comments or jokes to 57.30%, Unnecessary touches to 49.30%, Making an intercourse offer to 30.5%,Threatened sex to 9.6%, Rape to 1.30% | 7 |
Mushtaq et al. 2015, [25] | Pakistan | 200 | 71.66% | Sexual harassment | 6 |
Khan et al.2015, [26] | Pakistan | 150 | 80% | Sexual harassment | 5 |
Park et al. 2015, [27] | South Korea. | 970 | 19.70% | Sexual harassment | 6 |
Subedi et al.2013, [28] | Nepal | 134 | 40.30% | Verbal: Vulgar words heard by 22.39%, Vulgar jokes heard by 35.82%, Visual: People staring at 14.93% nurses’ body People showing naked pictures to 2.24% Contact: Trying to touch 4.48% of nurses Embracing without permission to 18% Blackmail for sex to 2.24%, Threatening for sex to 2.24% Facing rape like situation to 2.24% | 5 |
Suhaila & Rampal 2012, [29] | Malaysia | 455 | 51.20% | Verbal sexual harassment to 46.60%, Visual harassment to 24.80% Psychological harassment to 20.90%, Physical harassment to 20.70% Non –verbal harassment to16.70% | 6 |
Shiao et al. 2010, [30] | Taiwan | 842 | 28.10% | Sexual harassment, Physical Harassment,Verbal Harassment Assault 3.5% | 7 |
Hibino et al. 2009, [31] | Japan | 464 | 56% | Sexual jokes to 64.30% of the nurses, Physical contact to 59.70%, Gazing with sexual interest to 36.70%,Request for dating to 27.20%, Request to touch patients body to 14.80%, Hugging to14%, Stalking to 9.80%, Rape to 0.90% | 7 |
Celik & Celik 2007, [32] | Turkey | 622 | 37.10% | Sexual Harassment Uninvited sexual jokes, stories, questions, or words to 11.62% Allusive sexual behaviors with the eye, hand, or face to 6.98% Unwillingly asked out to 6.1%, Unwanted mail or telephone calls to 5.14%, Touched on the body to 4.22%, Perpetrators shown their body sexually to 3.98%, Any attempt to assault to 0.18% | 7 |
Gunnarsdottir et al. 2006, [33] | Iceland | 600 | 10% | Sexual harassment to 10% | 8 |
Hibino et al. 2006, [34] | Japan | 464 | 55.80% | Verbal: Making sexual jokes and remarks to 12.28%, Asking about private matters to 5.39%, Asking for dating in 3.23%, Making threats to 2.16% Non-verbal: Gazing at nurses to 4.74% Stalking or visiting the nurse at her home to 1.08% Contact: Touching the nurse’s body to as hugging to 10.78%, Trying to touch nurses’ body in 10.78%, Requesting the nurse to touch the patient’s body, Trying to bring the nurse to the patient’s bed, Attempting to sexually assault the nurse to 0.43% | 8 |
Kisa et al. 2002, [35] | Turkey | 215 | 73% | Suggestive looks to 20%, Sexual teasing and jokes to 19%, Suggestive physical gestures to 18%, Pressure for dates to 14%, Unwanted letters, telephone calls to 10%, Exposure of parts of the, body in a sexually suggestive way to 11%, Brushing, touching or grabbing to 19.53% | 5 |
Matsuoka et al.2001, [36] | Japan | 243 | 49.4% | Touching to 5.35%, gossip to 3.3%, brought up the topic of sexual relations to7.82% Asking sexual relations to 5.35%, touch body to 5.35, tried to touch nurses body in 24.28%, sexual jokes or words to 17.28% comment on body to 13.58%, gazing in an unpleasant manner to 6.17%, Send nude photo to 2.47%, send letter/phone call containing sexual issue to 3.29% | 6 |
Shaikh 2000, [37] | Pakistan | 89 | 43.67% | Verbal sexual harassment to 21.10% Physical sexual harassment to 16.90% | 5 |
Kisa & Dziegielewski 1996, [38] | Turkey | 229 | 75% | Sexual teasing and jokes to 72%, Suggestive physical gestures to 65%, Pressure for dates to 53%, Unwanted letters, telephone calls to36%, Exposure of parts of the body in a sexually suggestive way to 40%, Brushing, touching or grabbing and grossly inappropriate touching to 26.64% | 7 |
Dan et al.1995, [39] | United States | 52 | 80% | Sexual harassment Suggestive stories or offensive jokes to 51.9%, Unwelcome seductive behavior to 46.1%, Unwanted sexual attention to 41.4% Deliberately touched and made uncomfortably to 41.67% Unwanted discussion of personal or sexual matters to 35.87% | 5 |
Libbus & Bowman 1994, [40] | United States | 78 | 71.80% | Sexual jokes to 13.46%, Sexual remarks to 19.23%, Touch (brushing, patting, hugging) to 14.74 19% | 5 |