Table 4 Bivariate and multiple logistic regression results of the relationship between dimensions of patient safety culture and adverse events

 Organizational learning-continuous improvement

0.67 [0.58–0.78]

< 0.001

0.69 [0.59–0.81]

< 0.001

 Non-punitive response to error

1.34 [1.19–1.50]

< 0.001

1.27 [1.12–1.43]

< 0.001

 Staffing

0.82 [0.71–0.95]

0.009

0.79 [0.68–0.92]

0.003

 Hospital handoffs and transitions

0.70 [0.62–0.80]

< 0.001

0.75 [0.66–0.85]

< 0.001

 Frequency of event reporting

0.76 [0.67–0.86]

< 0.001

0.77 [0.68–0.88]

< 0.001

 Organizational learning-continuous improvement

0.72 [0.62–0.83]

< 0.001

0.75 [0.64–0.87]

< 0.001

 Teamwork within units

1.18 [1.03–1.36]

0.021

1.16 [1.01–1.35]

0.041

 Non-punitive response to error

1.11 [0.99–1.24]

0.080

1.14 [1.01–1.28]

0.036

 Staffing

0.76 [0.65–0.88]

< 0.001

0.74 [0.64–0.87]

< 0.001

 Hospital management support for patient safety

0.79 [0.68–1.93]

0.003

0.75 [0.64–0.88]

0.001

 Frequency of event reporting

0.85 [0.75–0.95]

0.006

0.88 [0.78–0.99]

0.044

 Supervisor expectation & actions promoting safety

0.77 [0.66–0.90]

0.001

0.79 [0.68–0.93]

0.005

 Teamwork within units

1.28 [1.11–1.49]

0.001

1.29 [1.11–1.50]

0.001

 Communication openness

0.80 [0.68–0.94]

0.007

0.78 [0.68–0.94]

0.007

 Non-punitive response to error

1.49 [1.32–1.68]

< 0.001

1.46 [1.29–1.65]

< 0.001

 Staffing

0.79 [0.68–0.93]

0.003

0.77 [0.65–0.89]

0.001

 Hospital handoffs and transitions

0.76 [0.66–0.86]

< 0.001

0.79 [0.69–0.90]

< 0.001

 Frequency of event reporting

0.76 [0.67–0.86]

< 0.001

0.78 [0.68–0.88]

< 0.001

 Communication openness

0.80 [0.69–0.94]

0.006

0.79 [0.68–0.93]

0.004

 Non-punitive response to error

1.36 [1.21–1.53]

< 0.001

1.35 [1.20–1.52]

< 0.001

 Staffing

0.81 [0.70–0.94]

0.004

0.78 [0.67–0.91]

0.002

 Hospital management support for patient safety

0.81 [0.69–0.95]

0.009

0.80 [0.68–0.94]

0.007

 Hospital handoffs and transitions

0.84 [0.74–0.95]

0.005

0.86 [0.76–0.98]

0.025

 Frequency of event reporting

0.78 [0.69–0.88]

< 0.001

0.77 [0.68–0.88]

< 0.001

 Supervisor expectation & actions promoting safety

0.82 [0.71–0.96]

0.011

0.84 [0.72–0.97]

0.022

 Non-punitive response to error

1.25 [1.12–1.40]

< 0.001

1.23 [1.09–1.38]

0.001

 Hospital handoffs and transitions

0.80 [0.71–0.90]

< 0.001

0.82 [0.73–0.94]

0.003

 Frequency of event reporting

0.74 [0.65–0.83]

< 0.001

0.75 [0.66–0.85]

< 0.001

 Supervisor expectation & actions promoting safety

0.69 [0.59–0.81]

< 0.001

0.73 [0.62–0.85]

< 0.001

 Communication openness

0.84 [0.71–0.98]

0.032

0.84 [0.71–0.99]

0.034

 Non-punitive response to error

1.39 [1.23–1.57]

< 0.001

1.35 [1.12–1.53]

< 0.001

 Staffing

0.87 [0.75–1.02]

0.086

0.83 [0.71–0.98]

0.026

 Hospital handoffs and transitions

0.68 [0.59–0.77]

< 0.001

0.69 [0.60–0.79]

< 0.001

 Frequency of event reporting

0.82 [0.72–0.93]

0.002

0.85 [0.74–0.97]

0.015