Table 1 Contents of the questionnaire regarding nurses’ risk perception and preventive practices during the epidemic
Variable | Item | Reference |
|---|---|---|
Emotional exhaustion (EME) | EME 1: I feel emotionally drained from my work. | Riley et al. [63] |
EME 2: Working with patients all day in the hospital is a strain for me. | Riley et al. [63] | |
EME 3: I feel fatigued when I wake up in the morning and have to face another day on the job. | Riley et al. [63] | |
EME 4: I often feel exhausted. | Tang et al. [64] | |
Depersonalization (DEP) | DEP 1: I feel that I treat some people as impersonal objects. | Riley et al. [63] |
DEP 2: I have become more callous towards people since I took the job. | Riley et al. [63] | |
DEP 3: I do not really care what happens to some patients. | Riley et al. [63] | |
DEP 4: I try to avoid communicating with patients’ families. | Tang et al. [64] | |
Stressors (STRs) | STR 1: I felt fear about the wellbeing of my family members during the COVID-19 epidemic. | Khalid et al. [62] |
STR 2: The COVID-19 epidemic has had a substantial impact on my daily life. | Wang [65] | |
STR 3: The COVID-19 epidemic has had a substantial impact on my work load and work stress. | Koh et al. [61] | |
Workplace safety perceptions (WSPs) | WSP 1: The PPE (including the type, quantity, and quality) provided by the hospital is adequate. | Lu et al. [42] |
WSP 2: I think that the management of enhanced traffic control bundling in the hospital is satisfactory. | Schwartz et al. [41] | |
WSP 3: I think that the management of the patients in the hospital during the epidemic is satisfactory. | National Health Commission of the PRC [46] | |
Knowledge of preventing nosocomial infection (KPNI) | KPNI 1: I have a good grasp of knowledge related to COVID-19 infection and treatment. KPNI 2: I have a good grasp of the correct isolation measures and methods for managing patients with COVID-19. KPNI 3: I have a good grasp of knowledge related to hand hygiene. KPNI 4: I can choose and use PPE very well to prevent infection. | Taghrir et al. [33] |
Risk perception (RP) | RP 1: I think that I may contract COVID-19 during the epidemic. RP 2: If I contract COVID-19 during the epidemic, I think that my health and life will be seriously threatened. RP 3: Compared with people of the same age and sex, I feel that I am more likely to develop COVID-19 during the epidemic. | Brug et al. [66] |
Practices for preventing nosocomial infection (PPNI) | PPNI 1: I perform hand hygiene well when tending to patients. PPNI 2: When tending to patients, I correctly and effectively choose and use PPE (hats, masks, goggles, face screens, etc.). | Lin et al. [67] Lin et al. [67] |
PPNI 3: I have avoided gatherings of medical staff or patients very well. | National Health Commission of the PRC [46] | |
State anxiety (SAI) | STAI-S | Spielberger and Sydeman [68] |
Trait anxiety (TAI) | STAI-T | Spielberger and Sydeman [68] |