Table 1 Characteristics of studies that were reviewed and included in the current conceptual model
From: A conceptual model of nurses’ workplace social capital: a theory synthesis
Reference | Design | Sample/sources | Findings related to the current conceptual model | Main contribution to the current conceptual model* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hafeez et al., 2020 [3] | Qualitative study | Hospitals nurses n = 20 | Nurses perceived workplace social capital as a major strategy for prevention of occupational injuries and accidents | Identify nurses’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Jakobsen et al., 2020 [19] | Cluster randomized controlled trial | Nurse and nurse aids from five hospitals n = 625 | The positive effects of organizational intervention of participatory workshops on utilizing assistive devices in patient handling on workplace social capital | Describe determinants (block 1) and propose relational statements |
Xu, 2020 [20] | Predictive study | Nurses from three urban tertiary hospital n = 344 | Nurse manager’s transformational leadership and nurse’s emotional intelligence are two predictors of workplace social capital | Describe determinants (block 1) and propose relational statements |
Xu et al., 2020 [4] | Concept analysis | Twenty-six journal articles n = 26 | The main attributes of nurses’ workplace social capital: relational network; trust; reciprocity; shared understanding; and social cohesion. | Facilitate the understanding of the constitution of the focal concept |
Chang et al., 2019 [21] | Cross-sectional design | Nurses from one hospital n = 502 | The positive relationship between workplace social capital and willingness to improve professional capabilities | Identify nurses’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Pham et al., 2019 [22] | Cross-sectional design | Nurses from a large medical center n = 166 | Mentor–mentee rapport (social capital relationships) was positively related to the willingness to mentor/be mentored at work | Identify nurses’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Pittman et al., 2019 [23] | Descriptive correlational design | A large multisite healthcare system Nurses n = 701 Nurse managers n = 94 | Hospital type, education, work role and employment status were the factors influencing workplace social capital | Describe determinants (block 2) and propose relational statements |
Williamsson et al., 2019 [24] | Quantitative longitudinal study | Nurses from 20 units of five hospitals | Management tools use in nurses’ daily work positively modified workplace social capital | Describe determinants (block 1) and propose relational statements |
Jafari et al., 2018 [25] | Cross-sectional study | Nurses from six public educational hospitals n = 215 | Positively relationships between workplace social capital and clinical risk management | Identify organizational outcomes and propose relational statements |
Middleton et al., 2018 [14] | Cross-sectional study (instrument validation) | Nurses who attended an upgrade degree program n = 362 | Workplace social capital could relieve nurses’ mental distress and improve nurses’ health status | Identify nurses’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Norikoshi et al., 2018 [15] | Qualitative study | Nurses from 7 hospitals n = 32 | Six groups of attributes of Japanese nurses’ workplace social capital: affirmation; exchange of appreciation; unrestricted information sharing; ability to trust; access to the strength; and altruistic reciprocity | Facilitate the understanding of the constitution of the focal concept |
Tei-Tominaga & Nakanishi, 2018 [26] | Cross-sectional study | Nurse from 11 hospitals n = 822 | Workplace social capital could result in less desirable outcomes such as exclusion of outsiders (social exclusion) | Identify nurses’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Gilbert et al., 2017 [17] | Model construction | Thirty-seven journal articles n = 37 | Developed Gilbert Conceptual Model of Organizational Intellectual Capital in which workplace social capital plays an important role in nursing leadership | Facilitate the understanding of the constitution of the focal concept |
Shin & Lee, 2017 [7] | Cross-sectional, correlational design | Nurses from two university-affiliated teaching hospitals n = 432 | Positive relationships between workplace social capital and adoption of evidence-based practices | Identify nurses’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Strömgren et al., 2017 [27] | Longitudinal survey | Registered and assistant nurses from five hospitals n = 614 | Overall leadership quality was positively related to workplace social capital | Describe determinants (block 1) and propose relational statements |
Shin & Lee, 2016 [28] | Cross-sectional, correlational design | Nurses from two university-affiliated teaching hospitals n = 432 | Workplace social capital varied based on different levels of education, years of experience and years in the present unit. Workplace social capital was positively associated with job satisfaction and quality of care | Describe determinants (block 2) and propose relational statements Identify nurses’ and patients’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Andersen et al., 2015 [29] | Cluster randomized controlled trial | Nurses and nurse’s aides from 18 departments at three hospitals n = 200 | Group-based physical exercise could improve workplace social capital | Describe determinants (block 1) and propose relational statements |
Read & Laschinger, 2015 [30] | Longitudinal survey | New graduate nurses n = 191 | Authentic leadership positively associated with workplace social capital | Describe determinants (block 1) and propose relational statements |
Laschinger et al., 2014 [13] | Cross-sectional survey | Nurses from 25 acute care hospitals n = 525 | Workplace social capital was positively related to a better quality of care and unit effectiveness | Identify patients’ and organizational outcomes and propose relational statements |
Read, 2014 [12] | Concept analysis | Seven journal articles and one book chapter | Main attributes of workplace social capital: networks of social relationships at work; shared assets; shared ways of knowing and being | Facilitate the understanding of the constitution of the focal concept |
Hofmeyer, 2013 [16] | Model (framework) construction | Literature and qualitative data | Developed the Social Capital Framework to enhance team relationships | Facilitate the understanding of the constitution of the focal concept |
Sheingold & Sheingold, 2013 [31] | Instrument development (cross-sectional survey for field testing) | Nurses from six hospitals n = 325 | Workplace social capital had a significant impact on job satisfaction and intention to stay | Identify nurses’ and patients’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Van Bogaert et al., 2013 [32] | Cross-sectional survey | Nurses from 8 hospitals n = 1201 | Unit level nurse management had a significant impact on workplace social capital | Describe determinants (block 1) and propose relational statements |
Chang et al., 2012 [33] | Cross-sectional study | Nurses from a major medical center n = 797 | Workplace social capital had a positive effect on nurses’ knowledge sharing and patient safety | Identify nurses’ and patients’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Vardaman et al., 2012 [34] | Qualitative study | Interview data of nurses, nurse managers, and physicians (n = 80); observation of nursing activities; documents | Positive effects of using a communication tool on building workplace social capital | Describe determinants (block 1) and propose relational statements |
Hsu et al., 2011 [35] | Cross-sectional survey | Nurses from a large medical center n = 797 | Workplace social capital positively influenced organizational commitment | Identify nurses’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Kowalski et al., 2010 [36] | Cross-sectional survey | Nurses from four hospitals n = 959 | Workplace social capital negatively affected emotional exhaustion and burnout | Identify nurses’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Ernstmann et al., 2009 [37] | Cross-sectional survey | Nurses from four hospitals n = 959 | Positive associations between workplace social capital and clinical risk management | Identify organizational’ outcomes and propose relational statements |
Dicicco-Bloom et al., 2007 [1] | Model construction | Literature; an exemplar case | Developed a model of social capital to enhance the relationships in primary care work environment | Facilitate the understanding of the constitution of the focal concept |