Table 2 Themes and sub-themes extracted from the study

1.Perceived stress

1) Violent stress

2) Family health stress

3) non-acceptance stress

2.Challenging factors of breaking death news

1) Individual characteristics

2) accident site

3) Type of death

4) Postpone BDN to hospital

3.Unnecessary actions

1) futile works

2) slow code

4.Death breaking precautions

1) Ensure scene safety

2) Assessing the conditions

3) Scene-management problems

4.BDN requirements

1) public education

2) Staff training

3) Death breaking experience