Loneliness and social isolationa | Spring 2020, Mean (SD); Mdn | Summer 2020, Mean (SD); Mdn | Winter 2020, Mean (SD); Mdn | Test statisticsb; p-value; Effect sizec |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clients felt lonely in … n = 333 | 4.2 (1); 4 | 3.3 (1.2); 3 | 4.2 (0.9); 4 | 𝝌2 (2) = 242.2 p < .001 Cohen’s f = 0.7 |
Clients were socially isolated in … n = 372 | 4.3 (1.0); 5 | 3.3 (1.2); 3 | 4.2 (1.0); 4 | 𝝌2 (2) = 289.3 p < .001 Cohen’s f = 0.7 |