Table 2 Final results of exploratory factor analysis on HFS-SC (N=143)

Functional independence

2. I try to do my daily living by myself without any help.

.658

.778

8. I take painkiller on prescription after checking the pain intensity.

.573

.727

1. I try to be well-nourished.

.632

.706

7. I participate in rehabilitation considering my other health issues or the current situation.

.584

.679

6. I regularly work out on a daily basis.

.571

.514

Symptom recognition and management

9. Continuous management is required for hip fracture.

.774

.870

11. I know when to visit an emergency room.

.665

.833

12. I know what postures or exercises I have to avoid after surgery.

.598

.764

22. I regularly visit the clinic to check my medical condition.

.812

.721

3. I make sure there is no aggravated pain in the surgical site, no adverse effect, etc. while participating in activity.

.603

.611

Positive mental health

24. I am careful for not falling again.

.737

.742

26. I try to manage my depression from the limitation to move by myself.

.623

.708

25. I can deal with stress.

.646

.624

28. Religion is very helpful for my recovery.

.634

.579

27. Religion helps me think positively.

.608

.563

Participation in and support for social activities

21. I have a good relationship with family members, friends and neighbors, and often meet with them.

.722

.778

20. I have a person who I can ask for help in need.

.660

.723

18. I currently participate in economic activity.

.589

.645

Safe environment

13. I remove any objects that might obstruct the pathway in order not to trip over.

.801

.710

16. I wear shoes with rubber sole that are easy to put on.

.667

.579

17. I leave some lights on but not too bright to disturb my sleep.

.652

.563

Eigen value

5.373

4.076

2.508

2.144

1.816

Variance(%)

22.387

16.984

10.450

8.933

7.569

Cumulative Variance(%)

22.837

39.370

49.821

58.753

66.322