Authoritarian leadership and nurse presenteeism: the role of workload and leader identification

BMC Nursing

Table 3 Correlations among research variables

Variables	M ± SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Level 1
1. Age	30.16 ± 4.83
2. Tenure	8.31 ± 5.23	0.94**
3. Gender	1.98 ± 0.15	0.10*	0.09*
4. Marital status	1.64 ± 0.48	0.63**	0.59**	0.05
5. Educational level	1.91 ± 0.33	0.17**	0.08	0.09	0.23**
6. Technical title	2.25 ± 0.75	0.69**	0.66**	0.10*	0.58**	0.20**
7. General health	1.54 ± 0.65	0.12*	0.11*	0.02	0.01	0.07	0.14**
8. Leader identification	4.49 ± 0.63	-0.02	-0.01	0.01	-0.02	0.01	0.03	-0.08
9. Nurse workload	2.86 ± 0.86	0.14**	0.12**	-0.02	0.12*	0.16**	0.10*	0.32**	-0.23**
10. Nurse presenteeism	1.42 ± 0.85	0.14**	0.13**	0.04	0.10*	0.12**	0.16**	0.34**	-0.13**	0.47**
Level 2
11. Authoritarian leadership	3.08 ± 0.76	0.18	0.13	-0.22	0.25	-0.07	0.21	0.35*	-0.57**	0.50**	0.39**

N = 528, nurses nested in 98 teams; Age and tenure were continuous variables; Gender: 1 = male, 2 = female; Marital status: 1 = unmarried, 2 = married; Educational level: 1 = college and below, 2 = bachelor, 3 = master and above; Technical title: 1 = nurse and below, 2 = nurse practitioner, 3 = nurse-in-charge and above; General health: 1 = good, 2 = middle 3 = bad; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

ISSN: 1472-6955