Table 4 Interaction of group and time on psychological distress and spiritual well-being (N = 84)

Variable

F

p

F

p

F

p

Group: Pain management

Depression

0.032

0.858

1.504

0.224

4.293

0.041

Anxiety

0.624

0.432

2.587

0.112

2.738

0.102

Meaning

0.005

0.946

1.68

0.199

2.105

0.151

Peace

0.334

0.565

0.05

0.823

2.017

0.159

Faith

0.212

0.646

1.033

0.312

6.391

0.013

Group: Optimism

Depression

37.377

< 0.001

1.221

0.272

0.68

0.412

Anxiety

25.23

< 0.001

2.283

0.135

0.478

0.491

Meaning

38.263

< 0.001

1.892

0.173

3.212

0.077

Peace

17.515

< 0.001

0.029

0.865

17.589

< 0.001

Faith

34.437

< 0.001

0.829

0.365

9.059

0.003

Group: General self-efficacy

Depression

3.977

0.049

1.211

0.274

0

0.986

Anxiety

2.407

0.125

2.27

0.136

0.005

0.945

Meaning

5.734

0.019

1.822

0.181

0.033

0.855

Peace

5.183

0.025

0.025

0.875

3.077

0.083

Faith

11.169

0.001

0.8

0.374

5.849

0.018