Table 4 Number and distribution of Student perceptions about Cognitive processing strategies Scale

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

t

P

1. When I study for this class, I practice saying the materials to myself over and over. ^{CT, GCS, and REH}

5.3 ± 1.5

5.2 ± 1.4

0.406

0.685

2. I make lists of important items for this this class and memorize the lists. ^{CT and GCS, REH}

5.1 ± 1.7

5.4 ± 1.5

1.534

0.127

3. When I study for this class, I pull together information from different sources such as lectures, readings, and discussions. ^{ELA and GCS}

5.2 ± 1.7

5.4 ± 1.5

0.819

0.414

4. When studying for this class, I try to relate the materials to what I already know. ^{ELA and GCS}

5.7 ± 1.4

5.7 ± 1.4

0.144

0.886

5. When I study for this class, I write brief summaries of the main ideas from the materials and my class notes. ^{ELA and GCS}

5.0 ± 1.9

5.4 ± 1.6

1.459

0.146

6. I try to understand the materials in this class by making connections between the readings and the concepts from the lectures. ^{ELA and GCS}

5.3 ± 1.6

5.6 ± 1.4

1.436

0.153

7. I try to apply ideas from other class activities such as lectures and discussions. ^{ELA and GCS}

5.3 ± 1.6

5.4 ± 1.5

0.453

0.651

8. I make simple charts, diagrams, or tables to help me organize class materials. ^{ELA and ORG}

4.9 ± 2.0

5.2 ± 1.5

1.143

0.254

9. When I study for this class, I go over my class notes and make an outline of important concepts. ^{CT, GCS, and ORG}

5.2 ± 1.7

5.4 ± 1.5

0.635

0.526

10. I often find myself questioning things I hear or read in this class to decide if I find them convincing. ^{CT and GCS}

5.4 ± 1.5

5.2 ± 1.5

0.897

0.371

11. When a theory, interpretation, or conclusion is presented in class or in the readings, I try to decide if there is good supporting evidence. ^{CT and GCS}

5.2 ± 1.7

5.2 ± 1.4

0.057

0.954

12. I treat the class materials as a starting point and try to develop my own ideas about it. ^{CT and GCS}

5.0 ± 1.6

5.2 ± 1.4

0.859

0.391

13. Whenever I read or hear an assertion or a conclusion in this class, I think about possible alternatives. ^{CT and GCS}

4.9 ± 1.7

5.0 ± 1.3

0.690

0.491

14. When studying for this class, I make up questions to help focus on learning materials. ^{ELA and GCS}

5.0 ± 1.8

5.2 ± 1.4

0.970

0.333

15. When I become confused about something I’m studying for this class, I go back and try to figure it out. ^{ELA and GCS}

5.6 ± 1.6

5.2 ± 1.4

1.668

0.097

16. If the class materials are difficult to understand, I change the way I study the materials. ^GCS

5.2 ± 1.8

5.3 ± 1.4

0.766

0.445

17. When I study for this class, I set goals for myself in order to direct my activities in each study period. ^GCS

3.8 ± 1.2

3.9 ± 1.1

0.630

0.530

18. If I get confused taking notes in class, I make sure I sort it out afterwards. ^GCS

5.1 ± 1.7

5.1 ± 1.6

0.205

0.838

Total Score

92.1 ± 22.5

94.1 ± 18.5

0.636

0.526