Table 4 Between-and within-group comparisons for mean scores of CTDI-CV and its domains (M ± SD)

Truth-seeking

Before

34.25 ± 9.053

34.74 ± 8.632

0.829

0.055

After

37.31 ± 6.882

35.11 ± 4.870

0.163

0.369

p-value^b

0.063

0.773

——

d

0.381

0.053

Open-mindedness

Before

35.39 ± 6.207

35.85 ± 4.769

0.748

0.083

After

41.17 ± 7.618

38.81 ± 6.873

0.211

0.325

p-value^b

< 0.001

0.112

——

d

0.832

0.500

Analysis ability

Before

39.56 ± 5.997

38.67 ± 5.385

0.546

0.156

After

43.06 ± 5.570

39.30 ± 5.553

0.010

0.676

p-value^b

0.008

0.704

——

d

0.605

0.115

Systematization ability

Before

36.72 ± 6.041

35.07 ± 2.947

0.160

0.347

After

39.44 ± 7.145

36.85 ± 4.982

0.095

0.421

p-value^b

0.079

0.151

——

d

0.411

0.435

Self-confidence

Before

38.33 ± 8.135

39.81 ± 6.962

0.450

0.195

After

41.61 ± 6.834

40.04 ± 6.009

0.345

0.244

p-value^b

0.076

0.902

——

d

0.437

0.035

Inquisitiveness

Before

40.50 ± 6.425

40.56 ± 6.047

0.972

0.010

After

44.08 ± 6.522

40.89 ± 5.646

0.046

0.523

p-value^b

0.004

0.828

——

d

0.553

0.056

Cognitive maturity

Before

35.78 ± 9.335

34.48 ± 9.870

0.596

0.135

After

38.86 ± 8.043

38.63 ± 10.892

0.923

0.024

p-value^b

< 0.001

0.164

——

d

0.353

0.399

Total score

Before

260.53 ± 34.006

259.19 ± 17.196

0.839

0.050

After

285.53 ± 33.752

269.63 ± 25.957

0.046

0.528

p-value^b

< 0.001

0.091

——

d

0.738

0.474