Table 1 Components of SBAR Training Program
Session | Content | Method |
|---|---|---|
First (Situation) | • Completion of pretest questionnaires • Introduction of the course • Definition and the need for SBAR • SBAR components • Implementation methods and their advantages in clinical situations • Training (e.g., the importance of patient presentation, patient identification, and assessment of the current challenging situation and serious and urgent patient problems) | • Direction: Training objectives, using situation as one of the four elements of SBAR • Lectures • Group discussions and presentations • Questions and answers |
Second (Background) | • Composition of SBAR • Training: 1) Comprehension of nursing highlights: the importance of an accurate diagnosis, patient history, awareness of allergies and sensitivities, importance of vital signs and laboratory reports, and summary of the completed tasks and their times 2) Complete understanding of challenging situations | • Using background as one of the four elements of SBAR • Lectures • Group discussions and presentations • Questions and answers |
Third (Assessment) | • Composition of SBAR • Training: 1) Importance of clinical assessment by nurse anesthetists 2) Evaluation of the patient’s current condition 3) Analysis and a systematic classification of the information obtained from the patient’s history | • Using assessment as one of the four elements of SBAR • Lectures • Group discussions and presentations • Questions and answers |
Fourth (Recommendation) | • Composition of SBAR • Planning outcomes and expected interventions for problem-solving in nursing • Planning for possible questions of the subjects • Making proposals for solving nurses’ problems • Training: 1) Tasks before anesthesia: Evaluation of the informed consent form, patient stress and anxiety management, examination of airways for identification of patients with difficult airways, preparation of the appropriate anesthesia instruments with regard to patients’ situations and the surgery (including the instruments used for airways management, anesthesia induction, monitoring, and positioning), securing intravenous lines, and assisting anesthesiologists in anesthesia induction and analgesia 2) Tasks during anesthesia: Checking vital signs, intravenous fluid administration, calculation of maximum allowable blood loss according to the aggressiveness of the operation, estimation of bleeding volume, and monitoring vital signs while bleeding (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, and urine output) 3) Tasks after anesthesia: Assisting in awakening patients from anesthesia at the end of the surgery, safe transferring of patients to the PACU, communicating notable circumstances during the surgery to the PACU personnel, and delivering proper care in the recovery unit | • Using recommendation as one of the four elements of SBAR • Group discussions • Questions and answers |
Fifth (Recommendation) | ||
Sixth (Role-playing) | • Review of all SBAR stages • Practice: (scenarios, such as presentation of clinical circumstances before, during, and after anesthesia, with the main objective of students’ self-efficacy and clinical decision-making, were developed.) 1) Dividing the students into 3-person groups 2) Trying to make correct decisions in the mentioned situations according to the scenarios using the SBAR model 3) Rehearsing based on the scenarios 4) practicing to improve scenarios through role-playing | • Writing scenarios and presenting information regarding role-playing • Role-playing (using the four elements of SBAR) |
Seventh (Role-playing) | ||
Eighth (Debriefing and troubleshooting) | • Assessing the levels of the knowledge and receiving feedback • Highlighting shortcomings of the students in clinical decision-making and adherence to the SBAR technique • Focusing on clinical deduction and improvement of the judgment skills of the students • Discussing identified challenges before, during, and after anesthesia stages and rising to the challenges • Completing posttest questionnaires | • Group discussions and presentations • Debriefing • Reflection |