Table 3 Moderator analysis: Subgroup analysis

Cognitive

Level of immersion

High

Low

2

3

1.75

1.31

-1.16 to 4.67

-0.12 to 2.73

0.239

0.072

Between sub-group p value = 0.788

Head tracking

Yes

No

2

3

1.75

1.31

-1.16 to 4.67

-0.12 to 2.73

0.239

0.072

Between sub-group p value = 0.788

Psychomotor

Level of immersion

High

Moderate

Low

3

2

4

0.98

0.93

0.81

0.43 to 1.53

-0.33 to 2.19

0.09 to 1.53

< 0.001

0.028

0.148

Between sub-group p value = 0.934

Between sub-group p value = 0.572

Head tracking

Yes

No

2

7

0.93

0.89

0.095 to 1.764

0.381 to 1.403

0.029

0.001

Between sub-group p value = 0.940

Affective

Level of immersion

High

Moderate

Low

3

3

2

0.74

0.58

0.49

0.23 to 1.26

-0.16 to 1.23

0.17 to 0.81

0.005

0.129

0.002

Between sub-group p value = 0.712

Study design

RCT

Quasi-experiment

4

3

0.43

0.91

0.19 to 0.68

0.48 to 1.35

0.001

< 0.001

Between sub-group p value = 0.060

Intervention context

Emergency response

Not emergency response

4

3

0.73

0.34

0.39 to 1.08

-0.08 to 0.74

< 0.001

0.105

Between sub-group p value = 0.376

Head tracking

Yes

No

2

5

0.74

0.51

0.23 to 1.26

0.19 to 1.84

0.005

0.002

Between sub-group p value = 0.464