Table 2 Category of e-learning education challenge, its subcategories and condensed codes

Challenges of e-learning

Inexperienced teachers

• Incapable to use Camtasia software

• No e-learning training experience

• High and bulky loading of files compared to the number of units

• Concurrently loading several files at the same time, especially near the end of the semester exam

• Uncertain scheduling of sending files

• Not using the forum option in the system

Ineffective learning

• Some teachers use English content in the files

• Failure to perceive some basic science courses’ content

• Non-class attendance compulsory

• Not continuing learning by the student

• Reduced communication between students and teachers

• Teacher-centered teaching

• Education without using educational aids

Academic cheating

• Copying assignments and sending them to professor

•a Variety of cheating in online education

• Forming a cheating group in the class

System problems

• Some students not accessing the Internet

• Lack of hardware and software facilities at the beginning of the pandemic

• Low internet speed

• The problem of uploading and downloading large files

• Structural problems of Navid software

Inappropriate evaluation

•Lack of feedback from student learning

• Unrealistic evaluation of students

• Reduced evaluation quality due to the inability to send assignments

• Limited variety of test questions