Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in nurses after directly caring for COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional study

Table 2 Difference in PTSD by characteristics (N = 168)

	Mean ± SD	t	p
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal characteristics
Age (years)
Below the median (< 28)	13.65 ± 16.40	-1.59	.114
Above the median (≥ 28)	17.69 ± 16.58
Work experience (years)
Below the median (< 4)	14.98 ± 17.42	-0.61	.542
Above the median (≥ 4)	16.54 ± 15.75
Gender
Male	4.33 ± 7.76	-1.73	.085
Female	16.19 ± 16.67
Marital status
Unmarried	14.39 ± 15.91	-1.66	.098
Married	19.02 ± 17.76
Cohabitation status
Living alone	15.54 ± 17.51	-0.07	.943
Living with family	15.81 ± 16.47
Education level
Associate’s degree or lower	11.92 ± 15.54	-1.26	.209
Bachelor’s degree or higher	16.44 ± 16.70
COVID-19-related characteristic
Experience of quarantine
No	14.37 ± 15.83	-1.83	.070
Yes	19.60 ± 18.07
Training/orientation of infection control
No	14.93 ± 16.08	-0.64	.522
Yes	16.57 ± 17.08
Level of nurse staffing
Appropriate	11.64 ± 14.14	2.78	.006
Inappropriate	18.71 ± 17.59
Availability of PPE
Appropriate	13.88 ± 16.61	1.38	.171
Inappropriate	17.40 ± 16.45
Convenience of EHR
Convenience	13.63 ± 15.21	2.34	.021
Inconvenience	19.83 ± 18.33
Experience of witnessing COVID-19 patient death
No	13.22 ± 14.94	-3.10	.003
Yes	22.95 ± 18.87
Length of working period in the COVID-19 isolation ward
Below the median	16.50 ± 17.90	0.54	.587
Above the median	15.10 ± 15.33

Note: COVID-19 = Coronavirus disease 2019; EHR = Electronic health records; PPE = Personal protective equipment; PTSD = Post-traumatic stress disorder; SD = Standard deviation

ISSN: 1472-6955