Table 3 Specific analysis on the simulation program and scenario
From: Development of pediatric simulation-based education – a systematic review
No | Author, Year | Subject (n) | Competency | Type of simulation | Number of scenario | Level of proficiency | Scenario (contents) | Self-developmental scenario | Validity methodology | Reliability methodology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Abraham, 2016 [34] | MF(12), MR(12) | J | HFS | 4 | 4 | Critical decision :(a) diabetic ketoacidosis case (b) pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (c)pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (d) supraventricular tachycardia with aberrancy | Y | Contents validity: expert | ND |
2 | Adeyinka, 2013 [35] | MS(30) | S | HFS | 1 | 2 | Airway management: Pediatric airway management | N | ND | ND |
3 | Adler, 2007 [36] | MR(54) | J | HFS | 4 | 3 | Critical decision: (a) apnea (ingestion), (b) asthma, (c) supraventricular tachycardia, (d) sepsis (oncology patient) | Y | Contents validity: expert | ICC |
11 | Appelbaum, 2019 [37] | MD(30), RN(30) | S | HFS | 2 | 4 | Medication error: (a) Prolonged status epilepticus(8-month-old, 8 kg child) (b)Presumed meningococcal sepsis (10-month-old, 9 kg child). | Y | Face validity | Interobserver reliability |
17 | Aye, 2014 [38] | MS(44) | A | SP | 1 | 2 | Communication ability: adolescents with various psychosocial issues | NS | ND | ND |
26 | Bigelow, 2000 [39] | Parent(7) | S | role-play (PtP) | 1 | 1 | Health care skills training: parents were provided with training in parent-child interaction skills and home safety and cleanliness. | Y | CVI | Interobserver Reliability |
33 | Brett-Fleegler, 2008 [40] | MR(25) | S | HFS | 1 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: A 14-year-old boy presents to the emergency department after a lake accident; witnessed to flounder and go under. | N | DA (by Brett-Fleegler & Kleinman) | DA |
34 | Brown, 2018 [41] | PRN(30) | A | HFS | 2 | 3 | Heart surgery ability: (a)postoperative hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) patient following the Norwood procedure with Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt and pulmonary over circulation (b) a patient with pulmonary hypertensive crisis following atrioventricular canal repair. | Y | Face validity | ND |
35 | Brubacher, 2015 [42] | Teacher(36) | A | VRS + Mock interview | 1 | 2 | Communication ability: open-ended questions: Unreal Interviewing. In the exercise, participants choose the best question (out of four options) to ask a child avatar. The avatar responds to the question on the basis of research on children’s cognitive development. | Y | ND | ND |
41 | Burns, 2013 [43] | MR(28) | J | HFS | 7 | 3 | Critical decision: (a)wrist pain, (b)acute chest syndrome, (c)acute splenic sequestration crisis, (d)asthma exacerbation, (e)ceftriaxone-induced hemolytic anemia, (f)posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, (g)Vaso-occlusive pain crisis. | Y | Content validity: expert | ND |
42 | Byars, 2013 [44] | Paramedics(38) | S | HFS | 1 | 2 | Airway management: the tongue swelling was set at the most difficult setting with a large protruding tongue | Y | ND | ND |
48 | Chitkara, 2013 [45] | MR(22),MF(7), MD(9),hospitalists(7),NP(7),RN(10) | A | HFS | 3 | 5 | Respiratory support: (a) a vigorous term infant (39 wks. gestation) with spontaneous respiratory effort and an initial HR set at 130 BPM. In this scenario the appropriate intervention was to warm, dry and stimulate (W/D/S) (b) a non-vigorous, post-term infant (41 + weeks gestation) with minimal respiratory effort and an initial HR set at 90 BPM. W/D/S followed by PPV was the proper response to this scenario (c) a non-vigorous, apneic, term infant (40 weeks) born after acute blood loss due to placental abruption with initial HR set at 50 BPM. | Y | ND | ND |
49 | Chiu, 2014 [46] | 49(2010year),306(2011year) | J | HFS | 9 | 3 | Critical decision: (a) asthma (b)congestive heart failure (CHF) (c) supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), 2) three pediatric scenarios, or 3) three obstetric scenarios. | N | DA (by UW) | DA |
50 | Cicero, 2014 [47] | ME(8) | J | HFS, MFS, LFS, SP | 10 | 5 | Pediatric disaster triage: a multiple-family house fire, a school shooting, and a school bus rollover. Each 10-victim simulation had similar injury severity and inclusion of 10 total infant, child, adolescent, and adult disaster victims. | N | DA (by Ballow et al.) + modified delphi | DA |
55 | Cordero, 2013 [48] | 11team (MR(2), intern(1)/ team) | S | HFS | 1 | 4 | Neonatal rescue: a 37-week GA infant born by cesarean delivery to a preeclamptic woman with placental abruption. APGAR scores were 1 at 1 and5. | N | DA(SimNewB NRP 2010) | DA |
56 | Cordova, 2018 [49] | MD + RN+ midwives(80) | S | MBS + OSCEs | 1 | 5 | Neonatal rescue: HBB: not breathing infant- it appropriately in a simulated resuscitation scenario.(NeoNatalie) | N | DA(by the American Academy of PD | DA |
58 | Costa, 2019 [50] | NS(39) | S | HFS | 1 | 2 | Skill of injection: the administration of vaccines in the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh in children was developed | Y | ND | ND |
60 | da Costa Brasil, 2018 [51] | NS(47) | J | HFS | 4 | 2 | Critical decision: (a) a presentation of pre-eclampsia, (b)newborn resuscitation, (c)pneumonia in an infant, (d)trauma-induced placental abruption, (e)violence against women and family planning consultation. | NS | ND | ND |
66 | do Nascimento Targino, 2021 [52] | NS(30) | S | MBS | 1 | 2 | Neonatal rescue: the maneuver to disengage the lactant subsequently in the event of cardiorespiratory arrest (PCR) and perform the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (RCP) in infants. | Y | ND | ND |
69 | Donoghue, 2010 [53] | MR(20) | S | HFS | 4 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: (a)a systolic, (b)dysrhythmia, (c)respiratory, (d) shock scenario (PALS) | N | DA (PALS) | coefficients/standardized coefficient of inter-rater |
71 | Donoghue, 2011 [54] | Team leader ( MR,NP) | S | HFS, LFS | 2 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: (a) hypovolemic shock, (b) ventricular fibrillation-return of spontaneous circulation | N | DA(PALS) | DA |
73 | Dorsey, 1996 [55] | MS(40) | K | CS | 1 | 2 | Protection for child: A case involving the sexual abuse of a 6-year-old girl(the child presents with headaches coinciding with her mother’s boyfriend moving into their household.) | Y | ND | ND |
75 | Edler, 2010 [56] | ANEstudents(48) | LFS | 5 | 2 | Airway management: The portable simulation training and assessment program (Pediatric Anesthesia in-Situ Simulation) | NS | Delphi | ND | |
76 | Edwards, 2018 [57] | parents(15) | S | VBS | 1 | 1 | Skill of injection: 0.1 mg EAI use education. Anaphylaxis in infants and young children, epinephrine injection | Y | ND | ND |
79 | Everett, 2019 [58] | ANE students (154) | A | HFS | 6 | 2 | Airway management: (a) anaphylaxis, (b) equipment failure, (c) hypovolemia, (d) local anesthetic toxicity, (e)laryngospasm, retained throat pack, (f) malignant hyperthermia). | Y | ND | ICC, GRS |
88 | Finan, 2012 [59] | neonatal MF(16) | J | HFS, LBS | 2 | 4 | Neonatal rescue: (a) a term infant, delivered through meconium-stained liquor and in poor condition at birth. tension pneumothorax requiring thoracocentesis. Failure to recognize the air leak resulted in further decompensation and cardiac arrest. (b) a term infant, on the postpartum ward, who developed supraventricular tachycardia. initially hemodynamically stable, trainees were expected to recognize the supraventricular tachycardia and institute appropriate vagal maneuvers and medical therapy. | Y | ND | ND |
96 | Geis, 2018 [60] | PD(18) | J | HFS | 4 | 5 | Critical decision: one “garden path” simulation, two scenarios of compensated sepsis, and two scenarios of uncompensated septic shock | Y | ND | ND |
97 | Gerard, 2018 [61] | MS(60) | J | GS | 7 | 2 | Critical decision: The game features seven scenarios depicting critical pediatric medical diseases including (a) anaphylaxis, (b) bronchiolitis, (c)diabetic ketoacidosis, (d)respiratory failure, (e)seizure, (f)septic shock, and (g)supraventricular tachycardia. Patients range from the ages of 3 weeks to 10 years. | Y | NS(AAP) | Cronbach’ a |
100 | Grant, 2012 [62] | Physician educator(8) | S | VBS | 1 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: require airway, breathing, and circulation assessment along with recognition and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and shock. | N | ND | ND |
102 | Hall, 2015 [63] | PD or MD(50) | K,S | HFS, SP | 1 | 5 | Protection for child: Child abuse victim-a physically abused neglected child, the unexpected death of an infant in a difficult social context and the possible sexual exploitation of a young teenager. | Y | ND | ND |
104 | Hasselager, 2018 [64] | lifeguards(33) | S | VBS | 1 | 3 | Airway management: an infant with sudden foreign body airway obstruction with rapid deterioration into unconsciousness. | Y | ND | ND |
106 | Heimberg, 2014 [65] | MD(47),RN(49) | J | HFS | 1 | 4 | Critical decision: A standardized septic shock scenario of a 6-month old boy admitted to hospital | Y | ND | ND |
107 | Herzberg, 2019 [66] | EMS(259) | S | HFS | 4 | 2 | Pediatric rescue: (a) cardiac arrest in newborn (b) cardiac arrest in child(c) nonaccidental trauma (d) accidental trauma from pedestrian motor vehicle collision | N | DA(PALS, NAT) | DA |
108 | Hodgkinson, 2019 [67] | RN(10), MD(14) | S | SP | 1 | 4 | Communication skill: using a professional actor to practice discussing difficult topics, including breaking bad news, discussing post mortem and safeguarding concerns. | Y | ND | ND |
109 | Hossino, 2018 [68] | MR(26) | S | HFS | 1 | 3 | Neonatal rescue: leader, airway, chest compressions, and umbilical venous line placement. | Y | ND | ND |
111 | House, 2012 [69] | EM MR(49) | S | HFS | 1 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: a 7-month-old infant in respiratory failure | Y | Delphi | ND |
113 | House, 2016 [70] | Parents(99) | K | VBS | 1 | 1 | Protection for child: ATV(all-terrain vehicle) video animation | Y | ND | ND |
114 | Hoyle, 2020 [71] | EMS(109) | S | HFS | 4 | 2 | Airway management & Infant rescue: (a) an infant with a seizure who was also hypoglycemic, (b) an 18-month-old with a partial thickness burn, (c) a 5-year-old with anaphylactic shock, and (d) an infant in cardiac arrest | Y | ND | ND |
115 | Hunt, 2007 [72] | EM RN(18) | S | HFS | 1 | 3 | Trauma care: Trauma(a 3 year old, had fallen off of a tall slide) | Y | ND | ND |
118 | Jabbour, 2012 [73] | MS(3), otolaryngology MR(17),pediatric otolaryngology faculty(3) | S | VBS | 1 | 4 | Airway management: a 6-month-old who has just arrived to the operating room because of concern for an airway foreign body | Y | ND | ND |
120 | John, 2019 [74] | PMR(6) | S | HFS | 1 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: pediatric emergencies scenario | N | ND | ND |
123 | Kalaniti, 2019 [75] | Pediatric trainees(22) | S | HFS | 1 | 3 | Neonatal rescue: neonatal resuscitation scenario | N | ND | ND |
124 | Kane, 2019 [76] | Experienced resuscitators(102) | S | HFS | 1 | 4 | Neonatal rescue: neonatal rescue-resuscitation scenarios | Y | ND | ND |
126 | Katznelson, 2018 [77] | ED employees(150) | S | HFS | 1 | 4 | Neonatal rescue:- Pediatric Resuscitation | Y | ND | ND |
127 | Keidan, 2008 [78] | PD(30),ANE MR (10) | S | HFS | 1 | 4 | Respiratory support: apnea in a 6-year-old patient who received sedation for resetting of a fractured leg. | Y | ND | ND |
129 | Khan, 2020 [79] | MR(12) | S | LFS | 1 | 4 | Respiratory support: tracheostomy and ventilator-dependent patient, tracheostomy dependent patient | Y | ND | ND |
130 | Khorram-Manesh, 2018 [17] | Students(25) | K | HFS | 1 | 1 | Pediatric rescue: Emergency management and preparedness training for youth[EMPTY]. | Y | ND | ND |
131 | Kim, 2014 [80] | NS(147) | J | HFS | 1 | 2 | Critical decision: high fever & seizure :15 month baby were admitted via emergency room [ER]. | Y | Content validity | ND |
132 | King, 2016 [81] | Clinician(4), Researchers(3) Pediatric rehabilitation manager(1), Senior directors(2) | A | VBS | 2 | 4 | Communication ability: (a) 3 year-old girl with a speech and language disorder. (b) 8-year-old boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. | Y | Focus group interview | ND |
133 | Kioko, 2010 [82] | PMR(6), PICURN(2) | S | HFS | 5 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: the resuscitation of critically-ill pediatric patients scenarios(5 cases) | Y | ND | ND |
135 | Kothari, 2021 [83] | EMS(313) | S | HFS | 3 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: (a) 15-month-old with septic shock and seizure, (b) 1-month-old with hypoglycemia, hypovolemic shock, (c)4-year-old clonidine ingestion | Y | construct validity | IRR |
137 | Kurosawa, 2014 [84] | RN + RRT(40) | S | HFS | 2 | 5 | Pediatric rescue: (a)hypovolemic shock + ventricular fibrillation, (b)asthma + distributive shock | N | DA(PALS) | DA |
139 | Lacour, 2021 [85] | Paramedics(150) | S | HFS | 1 | 1 | Pediatric rescue: highly realistic pediatric Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest CPR scenario | Y | ND | ND |
140 | LaFond, 2015 [86] | RN(4) | A | HFS | 4 | 3 | Protection of child(pain): (a) child first postoperative day abdominal surgery, smiling (b) child first postoperative day abdominal surgery, grimacing (c) child with sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis, smiling(d) child with sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis, grimacing | Y | Face validity, Convergent validity | Interview |
141 | Lammers, 2009 [87] | EMS(12) | S | MBS | 3 | 4 | Pediatric rescue:(a) arrest (b) asthma (c)sepsis | Y | ND | ND |
142 | Lammers, 2022 [88] | EMS(147) | S | HFS, LFS | 3 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: (a)arrest (b) asthma) (c)sepsis/seizure | Y | ND | ND |
146 | Larsen, 2018 [18] | Students(81) | J | AS | 1 | 1 | Critical decision: someone offers student a cigarette’ and their behavior | Y | face validity | ND |
147 | LeBlanc, 2012 [89] | Child protection workers(96) | S | SP | 2 | 3 | Protection of child: (a) an interview with a mother (Ms. Smith) of an infant following a report by the child’s daycare provider that welts had been observed on the child. (b) an interview with the mother of a latency-aged child following the report by a school that the child had disclosed physical abuse. | Y | Content validity, Focus group interview | ND |
148 | Lee, 2012 [90] | MR(27) | S | HFS | 4 | 4 | Neonatal rescue: (a) Health term neonate, (b) neonate with bradycardia, (c) Neonate with bradycardia, (d) Neonate with apnea and bradycardia | Y | ND | ND |
150 | Lemke, 2019 [91] | PMF(21), RN(8) | S | HFS | 3 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: (a)unstable SVT and high output heart failure (b) upper airway obstruction and asystolic arrest(c) lower respiratory obstruction and ventricular fibrillation | N | DA (by American Heart Association) | ICC |
152 | Levy, 2014 [92] | PMR(24) | S | HFS | 5 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: (a)pulseless nonshockable arrest, (b)pulseless shockable arrest, (c)dysrhythmia, (d)respiratory arrest, (e)shock | Y | ND | ND |
154 | Levy, 2012 [93] | PMR(24) | S | VBS | 6 | 3 | Pediatric rescue:(a) pulseless non-shockable arrest: asystole or pulseless electrical activity (b) Pulseless shockable arrest: ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation Tachycardia (c)Tachycardia with Poor Perfusion (Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) or Ventricular Tachycardia With Pulse) (d) respiratory arrest, apnea or post-seizure (e) shock: hypovolemic shock or septic shock; (f)dysrhythmia: supraventricular tachycardia or stable ventricular tachycardia | Y | ND | ND |
159 | Marlow, 2013 [94] | MS + RN(57) | S | CBS | 1 | 3 | Calculation: weight estimation | Y | ND | ND |
163 | McBride, 2011 [95] | MR(29) | J | HFS | 1 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: (a) ventricular tachycardia (b) pulseless electrical activity (c) tension pneumothorax at delivery (d) non-accidental trauma (e) status epilepticus (f) bronchiolitis (g) traumatic brain injury (h) ventricular septal defect (i) asthma (j) primary apnea at delivery (k) critical coarctation (l) 28-weeker delivery (m) narcotic overdose (n) diabetic ketoacidosis (o) abdominal trauma (p) septic shock (q) supraventricular tachycardia (r) croup (s) meconium aspiration delivery (t) acute gastroenteritis | Y | Content validity, Focus group interview | ND |
169 | Mema, 2016 [96] | PMF(17) | A | OSCE | 8 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: (a)arrhythmia, (b)chest tube insertion, (c)breaking bad news, (d)brain death, (e)transport call, (f)tracheostomy, (g)cardiac tamponade, (h)asthma | Y | face validity | ICC |
177 | Nadkarni, 2018 [97] | Physicians(2),RN(3–5), NA(2–3) | A | VBS | 4 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: (a) child cardiac arrest (drowning), (b) infant respiratory arrest (foreign body), (c) infant seizure (hypoglycemia), and (d) infant sepsis (bacteremia). | Y | ND | ND |
187 | Neira, 2013 [98] | ANE MR(50) | S | VBS | 2 | 4 | Airway management: (a) pediatric anesthesia scenarios (laryngospasm, and hyperkalemia), (b)laryngospasm scenario | Y | ND | ND |
190 | Padhya, 2021 [99] | PICU MD+ RN + MR(18) | A | WBS, VBS | 3 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: (a) Hypotension due to urosepsis; (b) Respiratory distress in the setting of community acquired pneumonia; (c) Status epilepticus | Y | ND | ND |
192 | Ponce de Leon, 2018 [100] | NS(10) | S | HFS | 2 | 2 | Protection for child: (a) adolescents’ use of licit and illicit drugs and sexual abuse of a minor; (b) Early sexual initiation, pregnancy, and abortion among adolescents. | Y | CVI | ND |
202 | Rovamo, 2011 [101] | Consultant neonatologists(6), PMD(11), ANE MD(11) | S | HFS | 1 | 5 | Neonatal rescue: a standard scenario with a newborn infant with severe asphyxia | N | DA(standard scenario :first Finnish national neonatalresuscitation) | DA |
203 | Rowe, 2012 [102] | Health workers in the same 55 health facilities. | J | SP | 6 | 3 | Critical decision: the child had fever, diarrhea, and one episode of vomiting with no signs of severity or other illnesses.(6 cases with SC) 6-59 m. | Y | CO bias, compared to an SC gold standard, CO methodology | sensitivity analyses: simple CO – SC estimate of CO bias |
205 | Russo-Ponsaran, 2018 [15] | Children with ASD(21), control children(29) | S | VRS | 5 | 1 | Decision making: Virtual Environment for SIP (VESIP(TM) ), a simulation-based assessment that immerses children in social decision-making scenarios within a school environment- two simulated school days, 5scenarios/d)(friendly helper, respondent select multiple choice, slider option) | Y | literature review, usability, feasibility-initial validity는 feasibility testing | Internal Consistency Reliability |
207 | Sadideen, 2014 [103] | MD(novice and expert)(12) | S | HFS + VRS + SP | 1 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: “The Burns Suite(TBS)” burns scenario:pediatric burn resuscitation scenario -ATLS(3d), EMSB(1d) | Y | face validity, ccontent validity:expert | Cronbach’s α |
208 | Sadideen, 2016 [104] | Participants (MD, RN, and NA) | S | HFS + SP | 1 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: A realistic pediatric burn resuscitation scenario | Y | content validity | Cronbach’s α |
209 | Sagalowsky, 2018 [105] | PMR(33) | K | HFS | 1 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: Simbaby scenario | N | DA(Simbaby:Laerdal) | IRR |
210 | Scalon da Costa, 2019 [106] | NS(39) | S | LFS + OSCE | 1 | 2 | Skill of injection: administration of vaccines in the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh in children as a proposal of intervention, | Y | content validity: expert (Ministry of Health) | Cronbach’s α |
212 | Schmutz, 2014 [107] | Expert(15) | S | VBS | 1 | 5 | Pediatric rescue: infant septic shock. developing checklists to rate clinical performance is essential for ensuring their quality | Y | Delphi-Internal consistency and validity | IRR |
213 | Schmutz, 2015 [108] | Training sessions(50) | S | HFS | 3 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: (a)cardiopulmonary arrest, (b)dyspnea with oxygen desaturation after intubation, and (c)respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | Y | Construct Content | IRR |
214 | Sepúveda Oviedo, 2022 [109] | MR(ND) | A | HFS | 1 | 3 | Neonatal care: even physiological scenarios: two of them representing a healthy infant (newborn and 6-months old) and five representing newborns affected by different heart diseases. | Y | ND | ND |
216 | Seto, 2017 [110] | MD(31),RN(39) | S | HFS + OSCE | 2 | 5 | Neonatal rescue: Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) is a simulation-based neonatal resuscitation curriculum -n A is a routine newborn care scenario, whereas OSCE B is a more complex neonatal resuscitation scenario that requires learners to perform BMV | N | DA(HBB) | DA |
218 | Shin, 2014 [111] | NS(250) | S | VBS | 1 | 2 | Pediatric care: The febrile infant care | Y | Content Validity. Convergent Validity. Construct Validity | Cronbach’s α |
220 | Siebert, 2022 [112] | RN(50), MR(51) | S | HFS | 3 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: cardiopulmonary scenarios : (a)defibrillation, (b)cardioversion, and (c)transcutaneous pacing) | N | DA(PALS) | DA |
221 | Sigalet, 2012 [113] | MS(1) + NS (3–4), +RTS(1), total = 196 | A | HFS | 1 | 2 | Pediatric rescue: 3-hour IPE curriculum module that focused on 2 simulation-based team training scenarios in emergency and intensive care unit settings. | Y | ND | ND |
224 | Smith, 2019 [114] | MR(ND) | S | CBS | 4 | 3 | Critical decision: (a)Lower respiratory tact infection (LRTI), (b)Lower airway obstruction (LAO), (c)Hypovolemic shock from severe dehydration (HSSD), (d)LRTI with distributive shock from sepsis (LRTI + DSS) | Y | Delphi | ICC |
228 | Teis, R, 2017 [115] | MD(25), RN(25), or NM(25), three intervention groups (n = 24) | S | HFS | 6 | 5 | Critical decision: Crisis Resource Management (CRM) skills including communication, leadership, knowledge of environment, teamwork, anticipation and planning, attention allocation, workload distribution and use of cognitive aids are of core importance to the practice of emergency medicine | Y | DA(Crisis Resource Management (CRM) ) | DA |
229 | Tobler, K, 2014 [116] | MR(39) | A | SP | 3 | 3 | Communication skill: (a)Near drowning of a 5-month-old that progresses to brain death (b) Inflicted brain injury in a 4-month-old with an angry grandparent present for the second encounter (c)Traumatic brain injury of a 1-year-old in the context of parental discord. | Y | ND | ND |
230 | Tofil, N. M, 2017 [117] | Team leaders(127), Team members(254) | A | HFS | 1 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: Simulated sepsis scenario(12-minute pediatric sepsis simulation scenario.) | N | DA(The National Aeronautics and Space Administration) | DA |
232 | Traynor, 2021 [118] | Orientees(48) ICU nurse preceptors(11) | S | HFS | 3 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: (a) respiratory failure: a patient with acute respiratory failure (b) sepsis: a patient experiencing sepsis; and (c) neurological failure: a patient with hydrocephalus and an external ventricular device | Y | Content validity: expert | ND |
233 | Tsai, T. C, 2003 [119] | PMR(18) | S | HFS | 5 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: (a) severe asthma with pneumothorax, and (b) diarrhea with severe dehydration. The post-test cases were: (c) car crash complicated with pneumothorax and chest contusion, and (d) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (f)diabetic ketoacidosis. | Y | construct validity | IRR |
235 | Tyler, 2021 [120] | Social workers undergraduate students(37) | S | SP | 1 | 2 | Communication ability: a simulation scenario with either a parent and bisexual child or a parent and transgender child. | Y | ND | ND |
238 | Ventre, K. M., 2009 [121] | Participate(ND) | S | CBS(VR) | 4 | 2 | Pediatric rescue: (a)supraventricular tachycardia, (b)pulseless electrical activity, (c)ventricular fibrillation, (d) bradycardia) | N | DA(PALS) | DA |
240 | Wallace, 2010 [16] | Children with ASD(10)/typically developing (TD)(14) | S | VR simulation | 5 | 1 | Decision making: the present study was carried out to explore how young people with ASD experience and respond to an immersive virtual environment in which highly realistic representations | Y | Focus group interview | ND |
242 | Walton, J. L, 2018 [122] | RRT(17) | S | HFS | 3 | 2 | Pediatric rescue: (a) a 2-month-old male infant with respiratory distress requiring pressure control ventilation,(b) a 10-y-old male with status epileptic requiring volume control ventilation, (c) a 16-y-old female with severe cog native deficiency requiring noninvasive ventilation. | Y | ND | ND |
243 | Watkins, S. C., 2021 [123] | Certified nurse anesthetist or ANE MR | S | HFS | 4 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: (1) hyperkalemia that progresses to ventricular fibrillation, (2) supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) that progresses to pulseless ventricular tachycardia, (3) anaphylaxis that progresses to pulseless electrical activity, or (4) local anesthetic toxicity that progresses to asystole | N | DA | |
245 | Watkins, S. C, 2017 [124] | Novices(4), Experts(2) | S | VBS | 3 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: (a)hypoxemia (hypoxia), (b)ventricular fibrillation, (c)supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). | Y | ND | IRR |
248 | Whalen, A. M., 2018 [125] | MS, MR, MF | S | HFS | 1 | 3 | Pediatric rescue: neonatal and pediatric BMV skills. | N | Delphi process Criterion validity | IRR |
249 | Whalen, A. M., 2022 [126] | Expertise or MS(58) | S | HFS | 1 | 4 | Pediatric rescue: pBMV Simulation Setting and Scenario | N | DA | DA |
252 | Naoko NAMBA, 2021 [127] | NS(ND) | S | VBS | 1 | 1 | Neonatal care: Newborn early care | Y | ND | ND |