Comparison between virtual and hybrid education for psychological factors and academic stress in freshman nursing students: a case-control study

Table 3 Comparisons of categorical test scores between hybrid and virtual educations groups

Outcome measurements		Hybrid UCM (n = 70)	Virtual URJC (n = 70)	p-Value
Test Rosenberg	Low (< 20) Normal (20–30) High (> 30)	19(27.1%) 51(72.8%) 0(0.0%)	13(18.5%) 57(81.4%) 0(0.0%)	0.314
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) Anxiety	Minimum (0–7) Mild (8–15) Moderate (16–25) Severe (26–63)	20(28.5%) 13(18.5%) 24(34.2%) 13(18.5%)	17(24.2%) 22(31.4%) 13(18.5%) 18(25.7%)	0.084
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II). Depression	Minimum (0–13) Mild (14–19) Moderate (20–28) Severe (29–63)	33(47.1%) 24(34.2%) 11(15.7%) 2(2.8%)	44(62.8%) 5(7.1%) 16(22.8%) 5(7.1%)	0.001

Abbreviations and interpretation: Test Rosenberg, Lower than 20 = Low self-esteem; between 20 and 30 = normal; Higher than 20 = high self-esteem. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI): Lower or equal to 7 = Minimum level of anxiety; Mild = 8–15; Moderate = 16–25; Severe = equal or higher than 26; Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II). Minimum level of depression = 0–7: Mild = 8–15; Moderate = 20–28; severe = 29–63; Frequency, percentage (%) and chi-squared test (χ²) were utilized. In all the analyses, p < 0.05 (with a 95% confidence interval) was considered statistically significant (bold)

ISSN: 1472-6955