Table 2 Mean scores of the HSOPSC and its dimensions by time delays per shift

Teamwork Within Units

88.9(10.3)

86.9(10.8)

83.7(13.8)

86.6(11.7)

0.001*

Supervisor/Manager Expectations & Actions Promoting Patient Safety

80.6(12.2)

78.8(11.6)

74.9(12.6)

78.3(12.2)

< 0.001**

Organizational Learning and Continuous Improvement

86.5(9.3)

83.8(9.5)

82.6(11.7)

84.3(10.2)

0.001*

Management Support for Patient Safety

81.9(12.3)

76.8(13.4)

73.2(14.7)

77.5(13.8)

< 0.001**

Overall Perceptions of Patient Safety

76.5(11.8)

72.0(11.4)

71.0(14.0)

73.2(12.5)

< 0.001**

Feedback & Communication About Error

82.8(11.8)

80.0(11.4)

77.5(13.0)

80.2(12.2)

0.001**

Communication Openness

73.9(12.3)

71.2(11.6)

69.5(13.2)

71.6(12.4)

0.005*

Frequency of Events Reported

68.4(18.9)

68.8(15.6)

67.5(16.4)

68.3(16.9)

0.750

Teamwork Across Units

74.6(11.9)

72.1(11.2)

70.4(12.9)

72.4(12.0)

0.006*

Staffing

68.9(14.3)

62.9(14.1)

58.2(14.2)

63.5(14.8)

< 0.001**

Handoffs & Transitions

70.0(13.9)

68.3(12.1)

67.5(13.8)

68.6(13.2)

0.189

Nonpunitive Response to Errors

65.3(14.6)

61.9(14.9)

58.7(14.5)

62.1(14.9)

< 0.001**

The total HSOPSC

74.6(7.5)

72.3(6.8)

70.3(8.4)

72.5(7.6)

< 0.001**