Table 3 Comparison of competency scores in the intervention and control groups based on NPDCC before and after the DRM training

Critical thinking skills

Intervention

15.37 ± 3.11

16.19 ± 2.22

0.85

0.4

2.01

0.05*

Control

16.30 ± 1.62

15.74 ± 1.74

0.56

0.33

-1.6

0.11

Independent t- test

-1.66

1

P-value

0.10

0.32

ES^* (Cohen’s d)

0.37

0.22

Special diagnostic skills

Intervention

20.8 ± 4.54

23.11 ± 2.83

2.4

0.61

3.52

0.001*

Control

22.61 ± 3.57

22.02 ± 2.04

0.58

0.2

-1.16

0.25

Independent t- test

-1.97

2

P-value

0.052

0.49

ES^* (Cohen’s d)

0.44

0.44

General diagnostic skills

Intervention

50.32 ± 7.06

52.59 ± 5.22

2.2

0.36

1.81

0.07

Control

52.53 ± 5.35

51.48 ± 4.26

1.05

0.21

-1.48

0.14

Independent t- test

-1.56

1.04

P-value

0.12

0.3

ES^* (Cohen’s d)

0.35

0.23

Technical skills

Intervention

57.6 ± 8.64

59.73 ± 6.33

1.85

0.21

1.31

0.19

Control

58.02 ± 6.59

58.33 ± 5.8

0.30

0.04

1.94

0.7

Independent t- test

-0.24

1.03

P-value

0.8

0.3

ES^* (Cohen’s d)

0.05

0.23

Communication skills

Intervention

28.82 ± 6.24

31.69 ± 4.43

2.9

0.53

2.83

0.007^*

Control

30.10 ± 3.95

30.66 ± 3.65

0.56

0.14

0.91

0.36

Independent t- test

1.51

15.30

P-value

0.134

0.001^*

ES^* (Cohen’s d)

0.32

3.13

Total of the

NPDCC

Intervention

172.92 ± 26.27

183.33 ± 18.07

10.2

0.46

2.43

0.02^*

Control

179.58 ± 16.91

178.25 ± 13.71

1.33

0.08

-0.66

0.51

Independent t- test

-1.33

1.41

P-value

0.18

0.16

ES^* (Cohen’s d)

0.3

0.31