Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants
Variables | Categories | South Korean nurses (N = 319) | Chinese nurses in Hong Kong (N = 152) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposed group (n = 98) | Non-exposed group (n = 221) |  |  | Exposed group (n = 48) | Non-exposed group (n = 104) |  |  | ||
n (%) M ± SD | n (%) M ± SD | t/χ2 | p | n (%) M ± SD | n (%) M ± SD | t/χ2 | p | ||
Age (unit: year) |  | 32.92 ± 6.02 | 32.51 ± 5.36 | 0.603 | .547 | 30.88 ± 6.56 | 30.05 ± 6.26 | 0.746 | .457 |
Sex | Female | 94 (95.9) | 213 (96.4) | 0.040 | .842 | 38 (79.2) | 89 (85.6) | 0.982 | .322 |
Male | 4 (4.1) | 8 (3.6) | Â | Â | 10 (20.8) | 15 (14.4) | Â | Â | |
Marital status | Not married | 57 (58.2) | 132 (59.7) | 0.069 | .793 | 34 (70.8) | 84 (80.8) | 1.867 | .172 |
Married | 41 (41.8) | 89 (40.3) | Â | Â | 14 (29.2) | 20 (19.2) | Â | Â | |
Religion | Yes | 40 (40.8) | 97 (43.9) | 0.262 | .609 | 16 (33.3) | 29 (27.9) | 0.468 | .494 |
No | 58 (59.2) | 124 (56.1) | Â | Â | 32 (66.7) | 75 (72.1) | Â | Â | |
Education level | Diploma | 21 (21.4) | 38 (17.2) | 3.189 | .203 | 5 (10.4) | 10 (9.6) | 0.952 | .621 |
Bachelor's degree | 60 (61.2) | 157 (71.0) | Â | Â | 28 (58.3) | 53 (51.0) | Â | Â | |
Master's degree | 17 (17.4) | 26 (11.8) | Â | Â | 15 (31.3) | 41 (39.4) | Â | Â | |
Hospital type | Clinic | 3 (3.1) | 14 (6.3) | 2.284 | .516 | 1 (2.1) | 8 (7.7) | 3.876 | .275 |
Hospital | 29 (29.6) | 58 (26.2) | Â | Â | 34 (70.8) | 73 (70.2) | Â | Â | |
General hospital | 38 (38.8) | 77 (34.8) | Â | Â | 5 (10.4) | 14 (13.5) | Â | Â | |
Tertiary care hospital | 28 (28.5) | 72 (32.7) | Â | Â | 8 (16.7) | 9 (8.6) | Â | Â | |
Position | Staff nurse | 87 (88.8) | 188 (85.1) | 1.012 | .603 | 42 (87.5) | 91 (87.5) | 2.287 | .319 |
Charge nurse | 9 (9.2) | 29 (13.1) | Â | Â | 5 (10.4) | 13 (12.5) | Â | Â | |
Unit manager | 2 (2.0) | 4 (1.8) | Â | Â | 1 (2.1) | 0 | Â | Â | |
Type of work | Shift | 81 (82.7) | 173 (78.3) | 0.800 | .371 | 42 (87.5) | 90 (86.5) | 0.027 | .871 |
Fixed | 17 (17.3) | 48 (21.7) | Â | Â | 6 (12.5) | 14 (13.5) | Â | Â | |
Total clinical experience (unit: year) | < 1 | 4 (4.1) | 6 (2.7) | 8.114 | .044 | 3 (6.3) | 4 (3.8) | 0.618 | .892 |
1 ~  < 5 | 52 (53.1) | 85 (38.5) |  |  | 23 (47.9) | 51 (49.0) |  |  | |
5 ~  < 10 | 20 (20.4) | 75 (33.9) |  |  | 12 (25.0) | 24 (23.1) |  |  | |
≥ 10 | 22 (22.4) | 55 (24.9) |  |  | 10 (20.8) | 25 (24.1) |  |  | |