Table 4 Factors associated with the workplace violence exposed groups

Perception of workplace violence

Severe violence is normal in my workplace, it is part of the job

No (reference group)

Yes

4.184

1.96–8.95

< .001

3.531

1.36–9.18

.010

Perceived taboo of complaining about workplace violence

No (reference group)

Yes

4.580

1.93–10.88

.001

3.446

1.13–10.56

.030

Attitudes toward workplace violence

Aggression as dysfunctional /undesirable phenomenon

0.905

0.82–1.00

.042

0.965

0.86–1.08

.535

Aggression as protective measure

0.961

0.82–1.13

.632

0.937

0.74–1.18

.579

Coping styles

1.011

0.98–1.04

.503

1.084

1.03–1.14

.002

Post-traumatic cognitions

1.004

0.99–1.02

.558

1.002

0.98–1.02

.790

Post-traumatic stress

Re-experiencing

1.107

0.98–1.26

.113

0.838

0.67–1.06

.133

Avoidance

1.020

0.92–1.13

.719

0.982

0.85–1.14

.818

Arousal

1.059

0.93–1.21

.389

1.119

0.88–1.42

.356

Post-traumatic growth

0.987

0.96–1.01

.318

0.994

0.96–1.03

.756

Depression anxiety stress

Depression

0.975

0.90–1.06

.547

0.905

0.80–1.02

.105

Anxiety

0.962

0.88–1.05

.404

0.981

0.89–1.08

.699

Stress

1.064

0.98–1.16

.145

1.061

0.96–1.18

.261

Model fits

Cox & Snell R² = .366

Cox & Snell R² = .250

Nagelkerke R² = .517

Nagelkerke R² = .351