Table 2 Learning Flow, Learning Satisfaction, Learning Self-Efficacy

Learning flow

 Challenge-skills balance

3.77(0.78)

3.96(0.58)

-2.24

0.031

 Clear goals

3.24(1.04)

3.26(0.88)

-0.23

0.819

 Unambiguous feedback

3.39(1.05)

3.39(1.05)

-1.68

0.101

 Action-awareness merging

2.98(1.08)

3.31(0.99)

-3.32

0.002

 Concentration on the task at hand

2.86(1.03)

2.92(0.90)

-0.60

0.551

 Sense of control

2.92(1.03)

2.87(0.87)

0.47

0.641

 Loss of self-consciousness

2.08(0.82)

2.05(0.70)

0.38

0.705

 Transformation of time

2.63(1.12)

2.52(1.06)

1.12

0.270

 Autotelic experience

2.76(1.08)

2.92(0.96)

-1.38

0.174

 Total score

2.95(0.85)

3.04(0.67)

-1.16

0.250

The difference between perceived challenge and perceived clinical practice skill

21.79(23.89)

-22.14(26.00)

-7.10

< 0.001

Learning self-efficacy

5.01(1.49)

5.27(1.29)

-1.52

0.124

Learning satisfaction

3.71(1.01)

3.82(0.85)

-0.92

0.365