Fig. 2

Standardized four-factor structural model of the Chinese version of the Academic goals orientation questionnaire (n = 654); F1(Self- frustration goal, items 4, 7, 11, 14), F2(Ego self- enhancement goal, items 2, 6, 10, 13), F3(Work avoidance goal, items 3, 8, 12, 15), and F4(Learning or task goals, items 1, 5, 9, 16)