Table 3 Four themes and 11 sub-themes

The perceptions and feelings of GDM

Emotional responses to the diagnosis

Self-reflection

Attitudes and perceptions of GDM

Experiences of lifestyle changes

Conflict between diet management and clinical work

Fatigue from physical labor

Blood glucose monitoring and emotional shock

Social support needs

Humanistic care needs

Family support needs

Available professional support

Health expectations and risk perception

The responsibilities and expectations of motherhood

Awareness of self-health and image