Table 8 Instruments measuring filial piety for CCA caregiving adaptation

Filial piety

1. Dual Filial Piety Scale with two subscales: reciprocal and authoritarian [14]

• Scale contains 9-items that overlap between reciprocal filial piety (RFP) and authoritarian filial piety (AFP). For each subscale, there are two sets of 7-itemsthat measure RFP and AFP, respectively. RFP example: “exchange ideas to make decisions.” AFP example: “try my best to complete parents’ unachieved goals.”

2. 10-item Contemporary Filial Piety Scale (CFPS) measures filial piety in the twenty-first century (Lum et al., 2016). An exemplar item: “Pragmatic obligation. Arrange care for parents when they can no longer care for themselves.”

3. 19-item Filial Piety Representations at Parents’ End of Life Scale (FPR-RoL) measures filial piety expressions of the adult children of Macao Chinese (Che et al., 2022). An exemplar item: “I would choose to temporarily leave my job and concentrate on accompanying and caring for my parents.”