Table 1 Participant characteristics (N = 25)

Age (year)

Range = 22–37

Mean = 28.5

 20–25

 26–30

 31–35

 36–40

9

9

4

3

36%

36%

16%

12%

Degree

 Associate

 Bachelor

 Master

 Doctor

2

21

1

1

8%

84%

4%

4%

Ward /Unit

 General medical or surgical

 ICU

 ER

 OR

 Obstetrics and Gynecology

10

7

3

2

2

40%

28%

12%

8%

8%

Hospital

 A in Anhui Province

 B in Anhui Province

 C in Sichuan Province

16

5

4

64%

20%

16%

Nursing work experience (Year)

Range = 0.5–14

Mean = 5.4

 ≥ 10 years

 6–10 years

 3–5 years

 1–2 years

 ≤ 1 year

4

7

7

1

6

16%

28%

28%

4%

24%