Table 3 Means of individual item and overall perceived stress scale (PSS) scores
Min. | Max. | Mean | SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual items | ||||
1. “In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?” | 0.00 | 4.00 | 1.88 | 0.85 |
2. “In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?” | 0.00 | 4.00 | 1.79 | 0.91 |
3. “In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and “stressed”? | 1.00 | 4.00 | 2.09 | 0.81 |
4. “In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?” | 0.00 | 4.00 | 1.45 | 0.85 |
5. “In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way” | 0.00 | 3.00 | 1.62 | 0.71 |
6. “In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do?” | 0.00 | 4.00 | 1.95 | 0.90 |
7. “In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life? | 0.00 | 3.00 | 1.48 | 0.84 |
8. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things?” | 0.00 | 3.00 | 1.28 | 0.82 |
9. “In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that were outside of your control?” | 0.00 | 4.00 | 1.81 | 0.94 |
10. “In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?” | 0.00 | 3.00 | 1.64 | 0.83 |
PSS overall score | ||||
PSS Category | ||||
Low (n = 57, 30.5%) | 6.0 | 14.0 | 11.63 | 2.44 |
Average (n = 73, 39.0%) | 15.0 | 19.0 | 17.19 | 1.40 |
High (n = 57, 30.5%) | 20.0 | 26.0 | 22.09 | 1.76 |
All (n = 187, 100%) | 6.0 | 26.0 | 16.99 | 4.50 |