Table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of the sample (N = 1774)

Latent variables

Perceived cognitive deficits

7.12

4.27

12.60

3.60

8.07

3.34

3.59

2.58

7.34

4.15

Anxiety symptoms

6.29

4.32

14.39

3.53

7.00

2.24

2.28

2.08

6.16

2.98

Depressive symptoms

7.42

5.13

16.81

4.37

8.39

2.75

2.53

2.25

7.35

3.33

Resilience

21.85

8.28

17.69

6.29

20.97

6.03

26.99

9.09

13.93

7.06

Childhood trauma

36.86

10.73

43.84

12.71

35.09

7.22

31.47

6.53

56.42

9.48

Social support

62.60

14.02

54.10

14.41

64.65

9.22

69.94

8.98

36.65

14.69

loneliness

2.26

1.55

3.88

1.44

2.56

1.26

1.15

1.16

2.47

1.66

High sleep quality

6.33

2.44

4.44

2.38

6.09

2.28

7.58

2.07

5.75

2.34

Age (T = 97.03, P = 0.678)

14.99

14.66

32.27

6.89

31.76

7.67

32.19

8.84

32.28

7.94

Sex

χ²  = 25.20P < 0.001

Women

1666

93.9

192

95.5

822

95.6

516

93.1

136

85.5

Men

108

6.1

9

4.5

38

4.4

38

6.9

23

14.5

Ethnic

χ²  = 10.67P = 0.014

Han

1276

71.9

146

72.6

606

70.5

422

76.2

102

64.2

Others

498

28.1

55

27.4

254

29.5

132

23.8

57

35.8

Marital status

χ²  = 12.20 P = 0.058

married

517

29.1

46

22.9

258

30.0

178

32.1

35

22.0

Unmarried

1200

67.6

146

72.6

579

67.3

358

64.6

117

73.6

Divorce/others

57

3.2

9

4.5

23

2.7

18

3.2

7

4.4

Residence

χ²  = 2.608 P = 0.456

Rural

1071

60.4

115

57.2

525

61.0

328

59.2

103

64.8

Urban

703

39.6

86

42.8

335

39.0

226

40.8

56

35.2

Education level

χ²  = 2.44 P = 0.486

High school or lower

614

34.6

60

29.9

299

34.8

198

35.7

57

35.8

Bachelor degree or above

1160

65.4

141

70.1

561

65.2

356

64.3

102

64.2

Only children

χ²  = 0.97 P = 0.808

Yes

283

16.0

36

17.9

136

15.8

84

15.2

27

17.0

No

1491

84.0

165

82.1

724

84.2

470

84.8

132

83.0

Income (monthly)

χ²  = 9.42 P = 0.399

3000 or lower

498

28.1

58

28.9

237

27.6

154

27.8

49

30.8

3001–5000

782

44.1

94

46.8

382

44.4

233

42.1

73

45.9

5001–7000

325

18.3

33

16.4

164

19.1

100

18.1

28

17.6

7000 or higher

169

9.5

16

8.0

77

9.0

67

12.1

9

5.7