- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Developing and validating the nursing presence scale for hospitalized patients
BMC Nursing volume 21, Article number: 138 (2022)
Abstract
Aim
We developed and psychometrically tested the Nursing Presence Scale.
Background
Nursing presence is a foundation for professional nursing practice; therefore, it is critical to measure this concept.
Introduction
This instrument development study was designed to generate an itemized scale and psychometric testing using a sample of Iranian patients.
Methods
Based on both a concept development and literature review, and finally face and content validity 44-item draft scale was generated. During November 2018–2019, 774 patients were surveyed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the scale’s construct validity; concurrent and predictive reliability of the nursing presence scale were also evaluated. We also examine the weighting to scale items.
Results
The analyses yielded a 36-item, 4-factor scale that adequately fit the data. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the whole instrument was 0.94. The intra class correlation coefficient was 0.91. Nursing Presence Scale scores were positively correlated with Revised Humane Caring Scale and predicted 25% of missed nursing care.
Conclusion
This 36-item has good reliability and validity, making it useful for measuring the current condition of nursing presence.
Implications for Nursing and Health Policy
Measuring the frequency of nursing presence allows for data-driven planning and upgrading the inpatient care services.
Background
Despite the fact that health care services are expected to be based on the human values and provide attention to human welfare, it has not been very successful. Therefore, many experts consider the humanization of this system an urgent necessity [1,2,3]. Theoretically, philosophically, and practically, the concept of nursing presence is accepted as the most basic component of humanistic care and the underlying humanization of nursing services [4, 5].
Being with someone who needs, determines the practice of professional nursing [6] and without the presence of a nurse, health care is disintegrated [7]. Benner and Cook consider presence as one of the eight components that the nurse plays in the auxiliary role [8] and presence as a non-invasive intervention is included in the classification of nursing interventions [9, 10]. However, limited methods exist for objectifying, quantifying, and measuring this concept [5]. To maintain the integrity of nursing, there is a clear need to measure the concepts of nursing and its impact on the quality of patient care [11]. Today, health care focuses on time saving and reducing costs [12], and anything that cannot be determined and quantified seems unnecessary and non-essential [13]. On the other hand, the standardization of services and client satisfaction considered important in quality of nursing care.
Numerous studies have been identified to determine the level of patient satisfaction with various aspects of nursing care, that the highest average satisfaction with nursing care was only related to the technical-professional dimension [14, 15]. However, patients have expressed entering the world of the patient, identifying different needs, and the availability of a nurse as their most important need and all these needs are reflected in the concept of nursing presence [16, 17]. High satisfaction in the technical-professional care dimension can be due to the existence of supervision and control over this dimension by managers, its high importance from the perspective of nurses, and nurses’ skills in performing this type of tasks [18]. In addition, the small number of staff and the large number of clients may force the nurse to focus on the main tasks and abandon the tasks that are not reprimanded for [19]. While much research has focused on the biological and psychological aspects of patients, social interactions between nurses and patients have received less attention and there is a strong need to explore the social issues in nursing practice [7]. Therefore, having a tool to measure the nursing presence is necessary both to standardize the nursing services and control the nurses’ presence, and care satisfaction for each client in the health care system [20], because institutions can improve the nursing presence in staff to play a role in organizational development, patient satisfaction and increase profitability.
On the other hand, today the nursing profession faces many challenges. Technological advances threaten the caring with a humanistic approach by putting a lot of pressure on the care system, and nurses to communicate with the patient through telemedicine or other communications methods. These improvements potentially impair the nurse’s ability to be present with the patient [2]. Lack of nurses and replacing nursing staff with non-nurses are other challenges. Reducing the number of professional nurses and employing untrained nurses or other medical staff instead of specialist nurses has adverse effects on the quality of patient care [21]. Therefore, in order to maintain the discipline of nursing and prove the value of this profession for the care system, the first step is to show clearly, what the nursing profession does. This situation will be stronger when it is supported by the quantitative data [4].
According to the cases presented in the field of importance of measuring the concept of the nursing, three instruments have been officially published so far, two scales measuring the concept from the perspective of nurses [22, 23] and the other from the perspective of patients [24].
Designing a tool to measure the nursing presence from the perspective of patients seems more necessary (than measuring it from the perspective of nurses). Considering the issues such as achieving patient-centered goals, the relationship between the nursing presence with patients’ satisfaction, and that patients do not understand the technical aspects of care but can understand the presence of a nurse [7, 25].
By scoring the Presence of Nursing Scale (PONS) that measures the presence of a nurse from the patient’s point of view; based on COSMIN checklist [26]. It was found that the content validity instrument also has a high internal consistency, but the exploratory factor analysis has not been performed as a method to determine the construct validity of the instrument and the existence of multiple reverse questions is another limitation of this scale. Due to the fact that the scale is still used in limited studies [27] and its strengths and weaknesses points are not well known, so this instrument cannot be used.
To measure presence in different cultural contexts, some studies have suggested the need to develop tools that are culturally sensitive [4]. Therefore, due to the dependence of the concept of nursing presence on the culture [28] and the lack of valid instruments to measure this concept, the purpose of this study is designing and examining the psychometric properties of nursing presence scale.
Methods
Design
Methodological study, made up of two parts: construction of a data collection instrument for the evaluation of nursing presence, and the psychometric assessment of the instrument. In this regard, three-stage exploratory mixed method (conceptualization, creation of an item pool and psychometric evaluation) recommended by Clark and Watson [29] was conducted (See Fig. 1).
A flow chart depicting the process used to sequential exploratory design of study
Conceptualization
From a conceptual development [5] and empirical study [16], presence was conceptualized as a co-constructed interaction that is defined by deliberate focus, task-oriented/patient-oriented relationship, ubiquitous participation, clarification, and accountability [5]. Therefore, the dimensions of the instrument were considered according to the definition of the concept of nursing presence in the five dimensions in the level of determining content domain (Table 1).
Creation of an item pool
By extracting the phrases from text of the interviews and reviewing texts and other similar questionnaires, the initial items bank (including 100 items) was prepared based on the characteristics of the concept of nursing presence. The collected data were reviewed in several meetings with the research team under review, and similar items were merged and dimensions of the tools and items related to each dimension were finally defined based on the data, and the primary instrument was designed with 84 items.
The next step after designing an item pool is to choose the method that respondents should use. The type of answer chosen depends entirely on the nature of the question [30]. Therefore, according to the type of questions that were about occurrence rate of nursing presence characteristics, the answers should be arranged in the response and continuous package form and for this reason, the Likert type responding was chosen.
Once the type of Likert tool has been selected, the researcher must determine the number of Likert response options spectrum classes. In total, there is no standard for the number of response options on a Likert. In fact, if the number of classes in the spectrum is too large, the respondents will not be able to differentiate well between them, and if it is too low, they will not be able to report average values; as a result, the validity of the questionnaire will decrease. Therefore, an average range is desirable as far as possible [30]. In order to answer the items of this tool by patients, a 5-part Likert scale was selected (very high = 5, high = 4, medium = 3, low = 2 and very low = 1). It should be noted that at the time of determining the face validity, patients approved this form of response.
Psychometric evaluation
Face validity
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to determine face validity. For this purpose, the researcher interviewed 10 hospitalized patients for the quality of the basic tools, and the level of difficulty in understanding the items, the appropriateness of the items with the subject of nursing presence and the possibility of ambiguity and misunderstanding by patients were examined, and some items were removed or modified according to patients’ opinions.
In the quantitative phase, 10 patients were asked to determine the impact score of each item according to their experiences, in order to eliminate and reduce inappropriate items and if the impact score was equal to or greater than 1.5, the item was retained. A 5-option Likert continuum was considered for each item of the scale and “completely important,” “important,” “almost important,” “slightly important” and “unimportant” expressions were scored 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, respectively. Using the item impact score formula (Impact Score = Frequency (%) × Importance), quantitative face validity was calculated.
After the final summation, seven items were removed yielding an instrument containing 72 items.
Content validity
At this level, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to determine the content validity.
In a qualitative content validity, 12 nursing experts (including three specialists in the field of communication and nurse-patient communication; two specialists in the field of humanistic theories, two specialists in the field of making instruments, and 5 nurses experienced in clinical departments) were asked to examine the instrument in terms of the extent to which the items cover the concept and its scopes. Experts were also asked to make suggestions for modifying items of the instrument. To evaluate the content validity quantitatively, two methods of content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) including content validity of individual items (I-CVI index) and content validity of the whole instrument (S-CVI) were used.
For calculating CVR, expert members were asked to respond to the following options based on the Likert scale: 1 = not necessary, 2 = useful, but not essential, and 3 = essential. The CVR was approved based on the following formula:
Based on the recommendation of Lawshe [31], items whose CVR was higher than 0.56 were preserved.
To check the CVI, the respondents were asked to determine the degree of relevance of each item in the instrument from a score of 1 to 4 (1 = not relevant, 2 = somewhat relevant, 3 = highly relevant, and 4 = quite relevant). The content validity index for each item (I-CVI index) was then calculated based on the following formula:
In newly designed instruments, reaching an agreement of 80% or more is recommended. According to this index, items with a score higher than 0.79 are suitable, between 0.7 and 0.79 need to be corrected, and less than 0.70 are unacceptable [32].
To calculate the I-CVI, Polit proposed the Modified Kappa (K*) statistic, which is an indicator of agreement between evaluators that provides instrument designers with the information on the degree of agreement without a chance share. Chance agreement can occur in examining the indicators of agreement between evaluators, especially when the four-point scoring is placed in two related and unrelated categories. In the present study, the K* was calculated based on the following formula:
N = number of agreements related to relevancy; A = number of evaluators.
Modified kappa with the cutting points between 0.4 to 0.59 is considered weak, between 0.6 to 0.74 is good and more than 0.74 is excellent [33].
To evaluate the S-CVI, two approaches including Scale-level Content Validity Index/Universal Agreement Calculation Method (S-CVI/UA) and Scale-level Content Validity Index/Averaging Calculation Method(S-CVI/Ave) were calculated.
First, in the universal agreement approach, after merging the answers of “quite relevant”, and “highly relevant “ together and merging the answers of “not related” and “somewhat related” together, dual mode options of related and unrelated are formed for each expression. Then the number of items recognized by all the experts (the number of items with a content validity index = 1) is divided by the total number of items.
In the average approach, the sum of the ICVI is divided by the total number of items. S-CVI / Ave with cutting points between 0.8 to 0.9 and more than 0.9 are recognized good and excellent, respectively, and if S-CVI / UA is higher than 90%, it will be accepted [32].
Construct validity (factor analysis)
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
In this study, exploratory factor analysis based on the steps proposed by Nunnally & Bernstein was used to investigate the factor structure of the nursing presence instrument. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test for sampling adequacy for factor analysis and the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity for correlation between data were performed before the factor analysis [34].
Before factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the questionnaires was also calculated. Then the correlation matrix of the variables was examined. Variables with a correlation below 0.3 should be omitted, as they indicate a lack of a correlation pattern, and variables with a correlation coefficient above 0.9 indicate a multi co-linearity and should be omitted [35].
In the first level of EFA, with maximum likelihood by the use of oblique rotation of the Promax type was utilised to determine the degree to which the developed instrument measures the concept of nursing presence. The criteria used for deleting items were as follows: factors that have less than three variables, or a large number of complex variables that have weigh less than 0.5 and items loaded onto more than one factor with similar loadings [36]. In the present study, eigenvalues and Scree Plot diagram were used to extract the factors of nursing presence instrument.
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
To verify the fit of the factor structure derived from the EFA, confirmatory factor analysis was performed in another sample. To assess the goodness of fit of the data, some indices used included the χ2/degree of freedom (χ2/df), goodness-of-fit index (GFI), comparative fit index (CFI), Tacker-Lewis’s index (TLI), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). For the χ2/df, a value < 3 and > 1 was considered sufficiently acceptable. For the CFI, GFI, AGFI and TLI, values higher than 0.9, 0.8–0.89 and 0.7–0.79 reveal “excellent,” “good” and “acceptable” fit, respectively, while RMSEA < 0.08 reflecting an acceptable model [37].
Convergent and predictive validity
To verify the convergent validity of the nursing presence instrument, its correlation efficiency with the Persian version of Revised Humane Caring Scale (RHCS) was calculated. The RHCS includes 46 items categorized under the following five subscales: maintenance of social relations and privacy; communication and participations; respecting patients’ feelings; maintaining and promoting physical health; and ensuring the necessary conditions for humane caring on the ward. The Cronbach’s alpha value for these five subscales range from 0.77 to 0.96 [38]. Persian translation and psychometric evaluation of RHCS has been done by Jafaripour et.al [39].
To verify the predictive validity of the nursing presence instrument, its correlation efficiency with the Persian version of MISSCARE was calculated. The original MISSCARE was developed to measure of missed nursing care. This instrument includes 24 items across four subscales: Assessment; basic care interventions; individual care interventions; and planning that asks nurses to rate the frequency of elements of nursing care that are missed by them on their unit. Higher scores reflecting perception of more missed care. The reliability has been established by test– retest evaluation (r = .87) [40]. Persian translation and psychometric evaluation of MISSCARE has been done by Khajooee et.al [41].
Participants
Purposeful sampling was used for EFA and CFA from selected public and private hospitals in Iran from January 2018–April 2019. First, the country was divided into five parts. Then, the share of each province was determined and according to the ratio of public and private hospitals in each province, the samples were divided, and then, some wards were selected from each hospital, and after each ward, all patients who met the inclusion criteria completed the instruments. The sample size for EFA and CFA was calculated to be 5–10 times as many subjects as the number of scale items [42] considering a 20% sample loss rate. Therefore, the required sample content calculation formula is as follows: sample size = 44 Item × (5–10) times × (1 + 20%) =264–528 cases. The number of samples per item was estimated to be eight. In the EFA stage according to the 44 remaining items of the instrument, 422 people and in the CFA stage according to the 36 remaining items; 352 patients were counted.
Inclusion criteria were: at least 18 years old, ability to participate in the study in terms of physical condition (being conscious), ability to read, write, speak and understand Persian. The other criteria were: having consent to participate in the study, at least 2 days have passed since their hospitalization and the ability to distinguish between nurses and other health care providers (according to hospital regulations based on the type of clothing or etiquette of the nurse). Exclusion criteria included unwillingness or inability to continue research.
Reliability
Internal consistency
In the present study, calculation of Cronbach’s alpha of each dimension separately, and overall Cronbach’s alpha of the instrument were used in three levels, one after content validity (experimentally by 30 patients) and the other before and after factor analysis (by 422 people) were used, to determine the internal consistency.
Stability
In this study, stability assessment was performed through test-retest. The instrument was given to 30 patients and was completed again 2 weeks later. The scores obtained in this level were calculated using the Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) test between answering the questionnaire twice. This test is the most acceptable statistical test for calculating stability. For ICC, values < 0.50 indicate “poor reliability”; values between 0.50–0.75 indicate “moderate,” values between 0.75–0.9 indicate “good reliability,” and values greater than 0.90 indicate “excellent reliability” [43].
The floor and ceiling effects refers to when the patients’ scores are at the highest and lowest scores range. If the ceiling and floor effect is observed, it is as if a large amount of data is not usable at the beginning and end of the table. As a result, people with the highest and lowest possible scores are not distinguishable from each other, and therefore reliability is reduced [26]. In the current study to determine the ceiling and floor effect, if 15% of people obtained a score above 80 % or a score below 20 %, existence of the ceiling and floor effect is indicated.
Weight assignment to items
Before conducting CFA In order to rank the items, the weight of each item was identified and determined. Considering equal weight for items of one scale reduces the external validity and generalizability of the results. Therefore, for adaptation of the research plan to the existing facts of the sample group and to avoid predetermined weights of the Likert s, using the weight assignment methods is recommended.
In other words, the weight assignment to items and variables makes it possible to estimate the presented statistical model regarding the relations of external world phenomena with high accuracy and reliability [36].
After the factor loads of each item were determined in EFA, the factor loads of each item were multiplied by the total variance value explained for the factor on which the question was based, then, the ratio of each secondary values to the sum of the secondary values was calculated to find the weight of each item in total. The result of this process was the weight assignment of each item throughout the whole instrument. After determining the weight of each item based on the factor analysis, the average weight of each item was calculated according to both methods, i.e., fixed weights equal to one for all items and weight assignment to items using the factor analysis. In the first method, the work process was such that the weight of the items was assumed to be equal to 1, then using Friedman test, the average weight of Likert values in each item of the nursing presence scale was calculated. In the second method, after determining the weight of each item, the weights obtained in factor analysis of each item were firstly multiplied by the Likert values of the response items and then, the mean rank of weighted Likert values in each item was calculated using Friedman test. Paired t-test was used to compare the mean weights obtained using both methods.
Data analysis
In the instrument psychometrics level; explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, statistical weight of items and descriptive statistics of data were performed using SPSS software version 21 and AMOS 24.
Results
The Nursing presence scale with 84 items was prepared at first as a draft and prepared for the psychometric process. According to the Table 1, this instrument had five dimensions, which were deliberate focus (8 items), task-oriented/patient-oriented relationship (29 items), ubiquitous participation (29 items), clarification (11 items) and accountability (7 items).
Face and content validity
In the level of determining the face validity of the instrument, according to the patients’ opinion, 3 sets of items were merged because their content was viewed as overlapping (items 4 and 5, 44 and 46, and finally 33 and 43, overlapped with item 42), therefore they were merged.
Also, in the case of item 53 “It reduces my fears”, all the patients expressed that there is no real fear at the time of hospitalization and there is concern more because item 41 was about reducing anxiety, so item 53 was deleted. (See Table 1).
In the level of determining the quantitative face validity, 7 items with IS less than 1.5 were removed and draft instruments with 72 items entered the content validity level.
In determining the content validity by qualitative method, some items were slightly modified based on the feedback received.
In the level of determining the content validity by quantitative method, 26 items with a cut point less than 0.667 were deleted in determining the CVR. then I-CVI index was firstly calculated for the remaining 46 items, that the scores of all items except two items were higher than 0.79, and two items with a score of 0.58 and 0.54 were removed (items 37 and 79 based on Table 1).
In determining S-CVI, the score of 0.82 was obtained by the mean approach, it was interpreted good, and with the general agreement approach (U-CVI), the elementary instrument scored 0.94 that was considered excellent. The modified kappa for the items was higher than 0.82, therefore it is excellent in this respect (see Table 1).
Exploratory factor analysis
The primary instrument entered the construct validity level with 44 questions.
In order to perform the EFA, the designed instrument was given to 422 informed patients hospitalized after obtaining the written consent. Of this, 417 questionnaires were completely completed. The average length of hospital stay was 6.9 ± 2.9 and ranged from 2 to 15 days; the history of the disease was averagely 3.8 ± 4.7 and ranged from 0 to 22 years. 60.6% were hospitalized in internal wards, 35.2% in surgical wards and 4.2% in intensive care and emergency wards. Of these, 79.2% were hospitalized in public hospitals; 6.9% were in the Social Security Hospital and 11.2% in the private hospital and other hospitals.
According to KMO test = 0.933, the number of samples was large enough to perform the factor analysis, and the significance of the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (approx. Chi-Square = 22,549.25, df = 946, p < 0.001) indicates that there are suitable conditions for performing the factor analysis. In addition, before performing factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 417 questionnaires was calculated which was 0.937. Also, the analysis of items to examine the correlation above 0.9 and below 0.3 showed that the correlation coefficient of all items is in the range of 0.3–0.9.
According to the total variance table explained, there are five factors with a specific eigenvalue above 1, which indicates that about 68.77% of cumulative variance is explained by the first 5 factors, and 31.23% of cumulative variance by 39 other factors. The Scree Plot diagram also shows that five factors explain the factor structures of the instrument (See Fig. 2).
Scree plot of the nursing presence scale
To determine the correlation between the variables, the factors transformation matrix was used and the minimum factor load was considered 0.5. In this level, eight items had a factor load of less than 0.5, which were removed according to opinion of the research team. It should be noted that the fifth factor in the matrix presented in the table had an item with a factor load of 0.47, which was removed. Factor analysis was performed again with four factors, and this item was still in the second factor with a factor load of 0.42, which was removed (See Table 2). Then four other factors were named. After extracting the factors and items in each factor, the degree of compatibility of the factors with the main concept and its dimensions was examined and only item three “when she talks to me, she pays attention to me and listens well” was in the third factor. Thus, it was transfer to second factor due to its greater connection with the items of this factor.
The total number of items reached 36. The first factor, explaining 26.11% of the total variance and including 14 items, was named participation and assistance. The second factor, explaining 19.16% of the total variance, including 11 items was named conscious focus and receptive encounter. The third factor, explaining 12.46% of the total variance and with 7 items was named as monitoring and accountability, and the fourth factor, explaining 8.45% of the total variance and containing 5 items was named as coordination in care (see Table 3).
Weigh assignment to the items
After determining the factor load of each item, it was found that the factor load of all 36 items in total is greater than 0.4 and is suitable for ranking. Then the weight of each item was calculated. Comparing the average weights obtained using both paired t-test methods showed that there is a significant difference between the two methods [36]. Therefore, to better interpret the findings of the scale, it is better to calculate the weighted Likert values. Accordingly, at the end, the weight of the items was rounded and the range of scores was calculated. The total score of the instrument is in the range of 95–475, with values of 95–220 indicating the low presence, 221–349 the moderate presence and 350–475 the high presence (see Tables 3 and 4).
Reliability
In the first level, after determining the content and face validity of the primary instrument, the internal consistency of the initial scale was determined as a pilot in a sample of 30 patients eligible to participate in the study. Cronbach’s alpha of the whole scale was 0.91. In the second level, before performing the factor analysis, a sample of 437 eligible patients was calculated in which the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.937. After performing factor analysis and deleting items, the overall alpha of the instrument was 0.94.
In the next step, ICC was calculated with the model (Two-Way Mixed) with the confidence of 0.95 and relative stability, which was equal to 0.91(see Table 5). In the study of the ceiling and floor effect, 51 people (11.6%) had a score higher than 176 and 8 people (1.83%) had a score lower than 88 and according to the results of percentages, the effect of ceiling and floor was not observed.
Confirmatory factor analysis
Before the CFA, the normality of the data was measured using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Q-Q plot diagram, and since the data distribution was normal, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. In CFA, four conceptual factors were components of the model of nursing presence scale (See Fig. 3). Goodness-of-fit criteria were calculated, which demonstrated a good fit of the model as follows: χ2/df = 2.75, RMSEA = 0.069, CFI = 0.903, and TLI = 0.896.
Model fitness. PA: (Participation and assistance); CF: (Conscious focus and receptive encounter); MA: (Monitoring and accountability); CC (Coordination in care)
Convergent and predictive validity
The Persian version of the RHCS was positively correlated with the nursing presence scale (r = 0.74, p < 0.001), indicating that these two scales measured constructs that are theoretically related. In contrast, the Persian version of the MISSCARE had a negative relationship with the nursing presence scale (r = − 0.47, p < 0.001), indicating that the nursing presence can be a factor in reducing missed nursing care.
Discussion
The primary instrument was designed in 5 dimensions and 84 items, based on the findings of the concept development and literature review level.
In the quantitative level of the present study, which was conducted with the aim of designing and psychometrics of nursing presence instrument from the perspective of Iranian patients, the nursing presence scale was finalized with 36 phrases in four dimensions.
The participation and assistance dimension represents the nurse assistance to the patient to discover the power of healing within themselves by facilitating their self-knowledge, by determining their life patterns. This dimension does not mean the nurse’s responsibility in recovery of patient from illness to health or disease prevention. Nurse in presence uses herself/himself as a therapeutic tool to help patients identify how their living conditions and decisions may affect their recovery capacity.
The monitoring and accountability dimension indicates the continuous, conscious monitoring of the nurse and the attention and following up the care provided to meet the patient’s physical and mental needs.
Dimension of focus on the patient and the receptive behavior includes the conscious focus on the patient, friendly behaviors, and affability, considering the uniqueness of each patient and in general, the unconditional acceptance of the patient, including the human dignity.
Dimension of coordination in care reflects the patient’s authority in her/his health status and the presence of the nurse as a facilitator and companion of the patient in understanding treatment options, their effects and choosing interventions.
In the present study, internal consistency was calculated in two levels of whole scale and scale dimensions and these statistics showed nursing presence scale has a good internal consistency.
In PONS, internal consistency of the whole scale with the above method is reported to be 0.95 [24].
The stability of the present scale determined by the ICC. Also in the present study, the distribution of responses through the effects of floor and ceiling was investigated, and this effect was not observed. In this way, reliability of the present instrument stability is excellently interpreted. Stability on the scale presented by Kostovich is reported to be 0.79 with Spearman correlation coefficient, measurement error and intra-class agreement have not been investigated using ICC, while in determining the reliability of an instrument, the stability test is required according to the COSMIN checklist [44].
Nunnally and Bernstein state that for the basic decisions based on an instrument, its minimum alpha should be 0.9. According to the alpha coefficient of 0.94 obtained by this scale, this instrument can be used for basic decisions such as the nurse-to-patient ratio or staff categories composition of the ward.
As mentioned so far, only a valid scale has been introduced to measure the presence of nursing from the patients’ point of view. According to these questions, we can point out some points about the similarities and differences between this instrument and the instrument designed in the current study:
In designing items for an instrument, the purpose of the instrument design should be considered. If the goal is to measure a concept, the questions should examine a single concept and its characteristics and distinguish it from similar concepts [30]. Given that the scale designed by Kostovich [24] was designed to measure the patient’s experience of nursing presence; so, questions such as “did these nurses make me feel safe” and “did these nurses improve my quality of life” and or “did I trust these nurses” measure the consequences of a nursing presence and seems unnecessary.
Promoting shared decision making is one of the main areas that has been considered in the presence of nursing as part of holistic care. Mariano considers this process as engagement versus compliance, and it is believed that patients have an inner capacity for self-healing and self-direction [45]. Nurses must respect and support this right and capacity. At the scale designed in the present study, this case has been well considered in terms of coordination in care, and it seems that failure to pay attention to this important item is of the PONS constraints.
Other limitations of PONS include inverse questions. Polit and Beck state that although in the past it was assumed that the presence of reverse questions in the questionnaire could help reduce the chance response, today it has been found that the presence of reverse questions make respondents confused by the questionnaire [46]. In the instrument designed in the present study, some inverse questions were firstly provided in the question bank, but they were removed according to the opinion of experts in the next level, and finally, a 36-item psychometric instrument was presented in a positive way.
The four factors of the final instrument differ slightly from the five initial factors originally intended for the instrument. Thinking on the data and results shows that these four dimensions are empirically related to the initial dimensions. For example, out of 22 total items related to the two dimensions of comprehensive participation and clarification in the primary instrument, 11 items are included in participation and assistance dimension of the final instrument. All items of deliberate focus are in the dimension of conscious focus and receptive encounter. The items of task-oriented/patient-oriented relationship in the primary instrument is also distributed more in dimensions of conscious focus and receptive encounter, participation and assistance, and coordination in care. It should also be noted that in the real world, experiences for individuals are as holistic and integrated and in the qualitative level, we are forced to separate and classify the findings for discussion and presentation. Therefore, this slight difference may be observed because the findings in the qualitative level were extracted from less individuals in a different way, and are collected from more people in a different way in the quantitative level. The final dimensions of the instrument show a more logical description of the nursing presence in practice. Through the presence of nursing as a cohesive interaction, nurses around the world can work with patients to achieve their ultimate goals.
Implications for Nursing and Health Policy
Measuring the frequency of nursing presence allows for data-driven planning and upgrading the inpatient care services. Therefore, the designed instrument can be used to design the experimental indicators such as evaluation tools and intervention protocol. Due to the importance of measuring concepts with the valid and reliable tools in research, and the time-consuming and costly nature of psychometric research, so the designed instrument can be facilitating for research related to the presence of nursing. The presence of nursing can lead to patient satisfaction and healing, and more studies need to be designed to validate these results with instrument designed in the multiple quantitative studies.
The Nursing presence scale can also play a vital role in research related to nursing presence and its related factors, assessing of the current situation, reviewing the presence process at different times and places and conditions. It can use for measuring and applying the results of interventions in this field, improving and maintaining the executive quality of nursing cares (including calculating the ratio of nurse to patient and calculating the ratio of different categories of nurses in each ward) and evidence-based care.
Conclusion
Since the human aspects of care are important due to the cultural and religious considerations, international, cross-cultural research on the presence of nursing is recommended. Designing an instrument to measure the presence of nursing from the patients’ point of view showed the acceptable degrees of validity and reliability.
Availability of data and materials
The data sets used and analyzed during this study can be provided from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Parse RR. Nurses and person-centered care. Nurs Sci Q. 2019;32(4):265.
McCaffrey G. A humanism for nursing? Nurs Inq. 2019;26(2):e12281.
Watson RT. Scholarships for humanism. Acad Med. 2017;92(5):574.
Hansbrough WB, Georges JM. Validation of the presence of nursing scale using data triangulation. Nurs Res. 2019;68(6):439–44.
Mohammadipour F, Atashzadeh-Shoorideh F, Parvizy S, Hosseini M. Concept development of “Nursing Presence”: application of Schwartz-Barcott and Kim's Hybrid Model. Asian Nurs Res. 2017;11(1):19–29.
Turkel MC, Watson J, Giovannoni J. Caring science or science of caring. Nurs Sci Q. 2018;31(1):66–71.
Ellison DL, Meyer CK. Presence and therapeutic listening. Nurs Clin North Am. 2020;55(4):457–65.
Benner P, Cook L. Wisdom from a living legend in nursing. Imprint. 2016;63(3):25–6.
Blaszko Helming MA, Shields DA, Avino KM, Rosa WE. Dossey & Keegan's Holistic Nursing: A Handbook for Practice: A Handbook for Practice. 8th ed. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2020.
Butcher HK, Bulechek GM, Dochterman JMC, Wagner CM. Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). 7th ed: Mosby/Elsevier; 2019.
Durepos P, Orr E, Ploeg J, Kaasalainen S. The value of measurement for development of nursing knowledge: Underlying philosophy, contributions and critiques. J Adv Nurs. 2018;74(10):2290–300.
Keel G, Savage C, Rafiq M, Mazzocato P. Time-driven activity-based costing in health care: a systematic review of the literature. Health Policy. 2017;121(7):755–63.
Meehan TC, Timmins F, Burke J. Fundamental care guided by the careful nursing philosophy and professional practice model(©). J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(11–12):2260–73.
King BM, Linette D, Donohue-Smith M, Wolf ZR. Relationship between perceived nurse caring and patient satisfaction in patients in a psychiatric acute care setting. Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2019;57(7):29–38.
Edvardsson D, Watt E, Pearce F. Patient experiences of caring and person-centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73(1):217–27.
Mohammadipour F, Atashzadeh-Shoorideh F, Parvizy S, Hosseini M. An explanatory study on the concept of nursing presence from the perspective of patients admitted to hospitals. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(23–24):4313–24.
Atashzadeh-Shoorideh F, Monjazabi F, Fathollahzadeh E, Oujian P. The obstacles to nurses being present with patients. Nurs Open. 2021;8(3):1115–24.
Romero-Martín M, Gómez-Salgado J, Robles-Romero JM, Jiménez-Picón N, Gómez-Urquiza JL, Ponce-Blandón JA. Systematic review of the nature of nursing care described by using the caring behaviours inventory. J Clin Nurs. 2019;28(21–22):3734–46.
Chegini Z, Jafari-Koshki T, Kheiri M, Behforoz A, Aliyari S, Mitra U, et al. Missed nursing care and related factors in Iranian hospitals: a cross-sectional survey. J Nurs Manag. 2020;28(8):2205–15.
Khajian Gelogahi Z, Aghebati N, Mazloum SR, Mohajer S. Effectiveness of nurse's intentional presence as a holistic modality on depression, anxiety, and stress of cardiac surgery patients. Holist Nurs Pract. 2018;32(6):296–306.
Aiken LH, Sloane D, Griffiths P, Rafferty AM, Bruyneel L, McHugh M, et al. Nursing skill mix in European hospitals: cross-sectional study of the association with mortality, patient ratings, and quality of care. BMJ Qual Saf. 2017;26(7):559–68.
Kuis EE, Goossensen A, van Dijke J, Baart AJ. Self-report questionnaire for measuring presence: development and initial validation. Scand J Caring Sci. 2015;29(1):173–82.
Kostovich CT, Dunya BA, Schmidt LA, Collins EG. A rasch rating scale analysis of the presence of nursing scale-RN. J Appl Meas. 2016;17(4):476–88.
Kostovich CT. Development and psychometric assessment of the presence of nursing scale. Nurs Sci Q. 2012;25(2):167–75.
Busch IM, Moretti F, Travaini G, Wu AW, Rimondini M. Humanization of care: key elements identified by patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers. A systematic review. Patient. 2019;12(5):461–74.
Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol DL, Ostelo RW, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. Rating the methodological quality in systematic reviews of studies on measurement properties: a scoring system for the COSMIN checklist. Qual Life Res. 2012;21(4):651–7.
Yesilot SB, Oz F. Validity and reliability of the presence of nursing scale in patients with cancer in the Turkish language. Int J Caring Sci. 2016;9(2):443–51.
Snyder M. Presence. In: Lindquist R, Snyder M, Tracy MF, editors. Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Nursing. 8th ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC; 2018. p. 27–37.
Clark LA, Watson D. Constructing validity: new developments in creating objective measuring instruments. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(12):1412–27.
Streiner DL, Norman GR, Cairney J. Health Measurement Scales: A practical guide to their development and use. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
Baghestani AR, Ahmadi F, Tanha A, Meshkat M. Bayesian critical values for Lawshe's content validity ratio. Meas Eval Couns Dev. 2019;52(1):69–73.
Polit DF, Beck CT, Owen SV. Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2007;30(4):459–67.
Cicchetti DV, Sparrow SA. Developing criteria for establishing interrater reliability of specific items: applications to assessment of adaptive behavior. Am J Ment Defic. 1981;86(2):127-37.
Plichta SB, Kelvin EA, Munro BH. Munro's statistical methods for health care research. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
Watkins MW. Exploratory factor analysis: a guide to best practice. J Black Psychol. 2018;44(3):219–46.
Black W, Babin BJ. Multivariate data analysis: Its approach, evolution, and impact. In: The great facilitator: Springer; 2019. p. 121–30.
Kyriazos T. Applied psychometrics: writing-up a factor analysis construct validation study with examples. Psychology. 2018;09:2503–30.
Tervo-Heikkinen T, Kvist T, Partanen P, Vehviläinen-Julkunen K, Aalto P. Patient satisfaction as a positive nursing outcome. J Nurs Care Qual. 2008;23(1):58–65.
Jafari Pour F, Goudarzi F, Hasanvand S, Ebrahimzadeh F, Kvist T. Psychometric testing of the persian version of the revised humane caring scale for patients admitted to critical care units. J Nurs Meas. 2019;27(3):508–23.
Kalisch BJ, Williams RA. Development and psychometric testing of a tool to measure missed nursing care. J Nurs Adm. 2009;39(5):211–9.
Khajooee R, Bagherian B, Dehghan M, Azizzadeh Forouzi M. Missed nursing care and its related factors from the points of view of nurses affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2017. Hayat. 2019;25(1):11–24.
Irwing P, Booth T, Hughes DJ. The Wiley handbook of psychometric testing: A multidisciplinary reference on survey, scale and test development: Wiley; 2018.
Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155–63.
Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, et al. The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(7):737–45.
Mariano C. Holistic nursing: Scope and standards of practice. In: Dossey BM, Keegan L, editors. Holistic nursing: A handbook for practice. 7th ed. Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2016. p. 53–76.
Polit DF, Beck CT. Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. 11th ed. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins USA; 2020.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Dr. Elizabeth Johnston Taylor, Professor, Loma Linda University, USA, for providing a helpful review of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Lorestan University of Medical Sciences [grant number 8819].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
FA, MH, SP, YR and FM contributed to the study aim, research design, and overall structure of the manuscript. FM conducted all the statistical analyses and drafted the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This methodological study was conducted in line with the current guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethical Code (IR.LUMS.REC.1399.128) was received from the Ethics Committee of the Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. They have been ensured the privacy of data, and anonymously, the questionnaires have been filled out.
Consent for publication
No applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Atashzadeh-Shoorideh, F., Parvizy, S., Hosseini, M. et al. Developing and validating the nursing presence scale for hospitalized patients. BMC Nurs 21, 138 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-00896-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-00896-0